Although FEMP, ASHRAE 189.1, and 90.1 are widely used, the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) efficiency tiers are more closely aligned with utility incentives. Per a survey done by CEE, there were about 60 voluntary programs in the United States promoting efficient boiler systems in 2015.
+Although FEMP, ASHRAE 189.1, and 90.1 are widely used, the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) efficiency tiers are more closely aligned with utility incentives. Per a survey done by CEE, there were about 60 voluntary programs in the United States promoting efficient boiler systems in 2015.
-
diff --git a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/chiller/cases/cases.component.html b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/chiller/cases/cases.component.html
index 18bdad0..e683295 100644
--- a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/chiller/cases/cases.component.html
+++ b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/chiller/cases/cases.component.html
@@ -10,11 +10,6 @@ {{ title }}
Chiller plant replacement resulted in 43% energy savings and 35% annual energy cost savings.
-
- Sybase's Headquarters Building
- The data center saved 411,000 kWh of energy by upgrading to an efficient chiller. The study reported $57,000 in annual energy cost savings, $41,000 in program incentives, and a payback of 8.5 months.
-
-
Duke Realty Corp.
Retrofitting existing constant speed chillers with variable frequency drives reduced annual energy costs by 30%.
diff --git a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cool-thermal-energy-storage/cool-thermal-energy-storage.component.html b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cool-thermal-energy-storage/cool-thermal-energy-storage.component.html
index bd39374..3691758 100644
--- a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cool-thermal-energy-storage/cool-thermal-energy-storage.component.html
+++ b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cool-thermal-energy-storage/cool-thermal-energy-storage.component.html
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
{{ title }}
Redundancy in cooling systems is needed to make up for short-term cooling requirement.
-Refer to Thermal Energy Storage Strategies for Commercial HVAC Systems from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company for further information.
+Refer to Thermal Energy Storage Webinar Series Ice Thermal Energy Storage from the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Resources
ASHRAE Design Guide for Cool Thermal Storage
diff --git a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/eems/eems.component.html b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/eems/eems.component.html
index f5314bc..bd14688 100644
--- a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/eems/eems.component.html
+++ b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/eems/eems.component.html
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Resources
- Saving Energy with Cooling Towers, Frank Morrison, ASHRAE Journal, February 2014
- Cold Weather Operation of Cooling Towers, Paul Londahl, ASHRAE Journal, March 2014
- - Water-Side Economizer, ENERGY STAR®
+ - Water-Side Economizer, ENERGY STAR®
- Minimizing energy costs with free cooling, Baltimore Aircoil Company, Inc.
- Application of Cooling Towers for Free Cooling, SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc.
diff --git a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/procure/procure.component.html b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/procure/procure.component.html
index b753491..cf0bb13 100644
--- a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/procure/procure.component.html
+++ b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/cooling-tower/procure/procure.component.html
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
{{ title }}
-Sample Specification for Procurement of Operation and Maintenance Services for Fresh Water Cooling Towers by the Government of Hong Kong Electrical and Mechanical Services Department.
+Sample Specification for Procurement of Operation and Maintenance Services for Fresh Water Cooling Towers by the Government of Hong Kong Electrical and Mechanical Services Department.
diff --git a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/hot-thermal-energy-storage/hot-thermal-energy-storage.component.html b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/hot-thermal-energy-storage/hot-thermal-energy-storage.component.html
index 7da3072..699463e 100644
--- a/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/hot-thermal-energy-storage/hot-thermal-energy-storage.component.html
+++ b/src/app/commercial-hvac/central-plant/hot-thermal-energy-storage/hot-thermal-energy-storage.component.html
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ {{ title }}
Redundancy in heating systems is needed to make up for short-term heating requirement.
-Refer to Thermal Energy Storage Strategies for Commercial HVAC Systems from the Pacific Gas and Electric Company for further information.
+Refer to Thermal Energy Storage Overview from the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
diff --git a/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/cases/cases.component.html b/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/cases/cases.component.html
index 1c50407..240ae73 100644
--- a/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/cases/cases.component.html
+++ b/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/cases/cases.component.html
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ {{ title }}
Integrating the Village of Boys Town—Making Boys Town Even Better: Efficiency and Energy Savings, Honeywell
Honeywell added centralized Web-enabled building controls on a 640-acre boys home in Omaha, Nebraska. This project included variable frequency drives with less than a 2-year payback.
-ENERGY STAR® Buildings Upgrade Manual, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
+ENERGY STAR® Buildings Upgrade Manual, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- "Big Savings from a VAV System Retrofit," Section 8, p. 16
diff --git a/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/tune/tune.component.html b/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/tune/tune.component.html
index ac82476..4055057 100644
--- a/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/tune/tune.component.html
+++ b/src/app/commercial-hvac/distribution/fans/tune/tune.component.html
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@
RI 1: System Improvements
B |
- AMCA 2017, DOE 2003, EPA 2008
+ AMCA 2017, DOE 2003, EPA 2008
|
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ RI 2: Control/Motor Improvement Measures
With this logic, the pressure setpoint is slowly trimmed until a zone indicates that more pressure is required (i.e. damper is fully open), in which case the controller responds by bumping up the setpoint.
B |
- ASHRAE 2018, EPA 2008, Taylor 2015 |
+ ASHRAE 2018, EPA 2008, Taylor 2015 |
Implement automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD)
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ RI 2: Control/Motor Improvement Measures
Consider installing a VFD controller or other form of variable speed motor control. Control of the variable speed motor and damper position are very important to ensure proper ventilation therefore consultation is suggested when deciding about purchasing a VFD or variable speed motor. Average energy savings have been reported at 52% by installing a VFD on commercial HVAC motors.
|
B |
- DOE 2013, DOE 2014a, DOE 2014b, EPA 2008
+ | DOE 2013, DOE 2014a, DOE 2014b, EPA 2008
|
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ RI 3: Drive Train Improvement Measures
Notched belts run cooler, have longer durability, and run with an efficiency of ~97% compared to a peak of 95% for V-belts. Synchronous belts operate at ~98% efficiency over a wider load range, need minimal maintenance and can operate in wet/oily environments. However, they transfer more vibrations, are sometimes noisier than V-belts and less suited for shock-load applications.
A |
- EPA 2008, GSA 2014 |
+ EPA 2008, GSA 2014 |
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@
RI 4: Fan Improvement Measures
If it is possible to lower the fan speed, substantial reductions in power consumption are possible. Fan power consumption has nearly a cubed relationship to fan speed. For example, reducing the fan speed by 5% equates to almost 15% reduction in fan power. The entire system needs to be analyzed to ensure that no adverse effects occur to airflow and ventilation, before attempting to lower fan speed.
A-B |
-
DOE 2003, EPA 2008 |
+
DOE 2003, EPA 2008 |
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@
Sources
DOE 2014a. Premium Efficiency Motor Selection and Application Guide: A Handbook for Industry. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO), Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy.
DOE 2014b. Improving Motor and Drive System Performance: A Sourcebook for Industry. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO): U.S. Department of Energy; February, 2014b.
EDR 2009. Advanced Variable Air Volume VAV System Design Guide. Energy Design Resources.
-
EPA. 2008. ENERGY STAR Building Manual Chapter 8: Air Distribution Systems. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Administration.
+
EPA. 2008. ENERGY STAR Building Manual Chapter 8: Air Distribution Systems. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Administration.
GSA 2014. Synchronous and Cogged Belt Performance Assessment. GSA Proving Ground Findings. Washington, DC: General Services Administration.
Modera, M. 2005. Fixing Duct Leaks in Commercial Buildings. ASHRAE Journal, June 2005. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
NREL 2015. Field Test Best Practices: Air flow. NREL Buildings Research. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
diff --git a/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/alternate-hvac/alternate-hvac.component.html b/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/alternate-hvac/alternate-hvac.component.html
index e467a35..8c22b52 100644
--- a/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/alternate-hvac/alternate-hvac.component.html
+++ b/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/alternate-hvac/alternate-hvac.component.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
Minimizing Reheat in Laboratories
Reheating air that has been overcooled to meet the sensible and latent cooling needs of other spaces in a laboratory building can consume large amounts of energy. The first step to minimizing reheat is to provide the minimum amount of air to the space based on a ventilation risk assessment. The next step is to reset the discharge air temperature to the highest level that meets space cooling and humidity level needs. For more information see Building Re-Tuning Training Guide: AHU Discharge-Air Temperature Control.
-
When the outside air dewpoint temperature is higher than the desired space dewpoint temperature, moisture will need to be removed from the air. Moisture can be removed using desiccants, or more commonly, by cooling the air below the dewpoint to condense out moisture, often overcooling the air. There are several ways to provide "free" reheat as part of an energy recovery system or using custom designed large cooling coils and reheat coils that use the leaving water from the cooling coil to provide reheat.
+
When the outside air dewpoint temperature is higher than the desired space dewpoint temperature, moisture will need to be removed from the air. Moisture can be removed using desiccants, or more commonly, by cooling the air below the dewpoint to condense out moisture, often overcooling the air. There are several ways to provide "free" reheat as part of an energy recovery system or using custom designed large cooling coils and reheat coils that use the leaving water from the cooling coil to provide reheat.
There are alternative, more energy efficient HVAC systems available to minimize or eliminate reheat.
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
Minimizing Reheat in Laboratories
- Zone cooling and heating coils (ZC): The system has a single tempered supply air stream, and zone heating and cooling coils or a zone level heat pump located in the supply air ductwork to the lab provide the primary heating and cooling. The temperature of the tempered air stream will be adjusted to minimize or eliminate the requirement for any zone reheat, typically 55 to 72°F.
- Ventilation air with local fan coils (FC): Similar to zone cooling and heating coils except that heating and cooling occurs with fan coil units instead of being directly attached to the ventilation stream. If the fan-coil is properly implemented there will be no mixing of air between any air-zones.
- - Ventilation air with radiant cooling (RC) or chilled beams: This system uses a tempered supply air stream for ventilation. Radiant panels or chilled beams provide space cooling. Zone heating coils located in the supply air stream provide space heating. The chilled beams decouples space conditioning load from ventilation load by relying on a cold water piping system that circulates water through integral cooling coils. Care should be taken to ensure the chilled beams are maintained a couple degrees above the space dewpoint to avoid any chance of condensation. More information can be found in the document Chilled beams in Laboratories
+ - Ventilation air with radiant cooling (RC) or chilled beams: This system uses a tempered supply air stream for ventilation. Radiant panels or chilled beams provide space cooling. Zone heating coils located in the supply air stream provide space heating. The chilled beams decouples space conditioning load from ventilation load by relying on a cold water piping system that circulates water through integral cooling coils. Care should be taken to ensure the chilled beams are maintained a couple degrees above the space dewpoint to avoid any chance of condensation. More information can be found in the document Chilled beams in Laboratories
- Dual-duct with terminal heating (DDTH): Two separate variable volume supply air streams. Ones with tempered air, and one with cool air, typically around 55°F. A mixing box just upstream of a lab's supply diffusers will adjust airflows from these two air streams based on the space temperature. More cold air will be used as the cooling load in the space increases. DDTH system can be more expensive than other system options and therefore are seldom used.
-
More information can be found in the document Minimizing Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories.
+
More information can be found in the document Minimizing Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories.
References
diff --git a/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/eems/eems.component.html b/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/eems/eems.component.html
index 5642e83..e3588d8 100644
--- a/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/eems/eems.component.html
+++ b/src/app/laboratories/distribution/ahu/eems/eems.component.html
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{{ title }}
The key components of air handling unit (AHU) design are fans, coils, and filters. Decisions made upfront regarding their design can significantly influence the overall energy use of the AHU during its operating life. Low pressure drop design is crucial, especially for AHUs with long run hours, such as those serving laboratories. Refer to the I2SL report on
- Low-Pressure-Drop HVAC Design for Laboratories for more details.
+
Low-Pressure-Drop HVAC Design for Laboratories for more details.
Fans
Fans should be able to meet airflow and pressure requirements while adhering to the design constraints of space and acoustic requirements. A study by Arthur D. Little for the U.S. Department of Energy estimated the parasitic energy consumption (i.e. energy required to distribute heating and cooling inside a building, heat rejection and ventilation) in commercial buildings to be 1.5 quads. Out of total parasitic load, supply fans consumed 50% of the energy. Thus, AHU fan selection can have a major impact on overall energy consumption. Details about selecting efficient fans can be found in the fans section of this website.
diff --git a/src/app/laboratories/distribution/vav/vav.component.html b/src/app/laboratories/distribution/vav/vav.component.html
index 13e7a3b..c921569 100644
--- a/src/app/laboratories/distribution/vav/vav.component.html
+++ b/src/app/laboratories/distribution/vav/vav.component.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
{{ title }}
Resources
diff --git a/src/app/laboratories/lab-space/demand-control-ventilation/demand-control-ventilation.component.html b/src/app/laboratories/lab-space/demand-control-ventilation/demand-control-ventilation.component.html
index 6b0cf50..8bead11 100644
--- a/src/app/laboratories/lab-space/demand-control-ventilation/demand-control-ventilation.component.html
+++ b/src/app/laboratories/lab-space/demand-control-ventilation/demand-control-ventilation.component.html
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
{{ title }}
Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) is often connected to occupancy sensors in addition to pollutant sensors.
-
More info about demand control and other techniques for VAV systems can be found in the Optimizing Laboratory Ventilation Rates document. Empirical results from a real-life test study completed at the University of California-Irvine can be found in the Laboratory Centralized Demand Controlled Ventilation System Increases Energy Efficiency in Pilot Study document.
+
More info about demand control and other techniques for VAV systems can be found in the Modeling Exhaust Dispersion for Specifying Acceptable Exhaust/Intake Designs document. For a list of energy efficiency recommendations for designing and equipping laboratories, see High Performance Laboratories from PG&E.
Resources