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语言 仿真

English | 中文

 

Verilog-FixedPoint

Verilog fixed-point library. features:

  • Customizable integer bit width and fractional bit width.
  • Arithmetic : Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Square Root.
  • Overflow detection: When an overflow occurs, the overflow signal = 1, and the output result will be set to a positive maximum value (upflow) or a negative minimum value (underflow).
  • Round Control : When truncation occurs, you can choose whether to round up or not.
  • Supports converting to and from single-precision floating-point numbers (IEEE-754).
  • All operations have single-cycle implementation, operations with long combinatorial logic delays have pipeline implementation.

 

FixedPoint Format

A fixed-point number consists of a number of integers and a number of fractions. Its value = the integer's complement of its binary code divided by 2^fractional bit width .

For example, if the integer bit width is 8 and the fractional bit width is 8, the following table shows some fixed-point values:

binary code Integer's complement fixed-point value remark
0000000000000000 0 0.0 zero
0000000100000000 256 1.0
1111111100000000 -256 -1.0
0000000000000001 1 0.00390625 positive minimum
1111111111111111 -1 -0.00390625 negative maximum
0111111111111111 32767 127.99609375 positive maximum
1000000000000000 -32768 -128.0 negative minimum
0001010111000011 5571 21.76171875
1001010110100110 -27226 -106.3515625

All module in this repository use parameters to define the fixed-point bit width. The names of these parameters are unified:

  • WOI and WOF are the integer bit width and fractional bit width of the output fixed-point number, respectively.
  • For unary operations, WII and WIF are the integer and fractional widths of the input fixed-point number, respectively.
  • For binocular operations, WIIA and WIFA are the integer and fractional widths of the fixed-point number of input operand A, respectively; WIIB and WIFB are the integer and fractional widths of the fixed-point number of input operand B, respectively.

Take the multiplier as an example:

module fxp_mul # (
    parameter WIIA = 8,
    parameter WIFA = 8,
    parameter WIIB = 8,
    parameter WIFB = 8,
    parameter WOI  = 8,
    parameter WOF  = 8,
    parameter bit ROUND= 1
)(
    input  wire [WIIA+WIFA-1:0] ina,
    input  wire [WIIB+WIFB-1:0] inb,
    output wire [WOI +WOF -1:0] out,
    output wire overflow
);

 

Module List

All synthesizable modules are implemented in RTL/fixedpoint.v . The names and functions of each module are as follows:

Operation Single-cycle ver. Pipelined ver. Pipeline stages
width conversion fxp_zoom unnecessary -
Addition/Subtraction fxp_addsub unnecessary -
Addition fxp_add unnecessary -
Multiplication fxp_mul fxp_mul_pipe 2
Division fxp_div fxp_div_pipe WOI+WOF+3
Square Root fxp_sqrt fxp_sqrt_pipe WII/2+WIF+2
Fixed-point to Float fxp2float fxp2float_pipe WII+WIF+2
Float to Fixed-point float2fxp float2fxp_pipe WOI+WOF+4

 

RTL Simulation

Simulation related files are in the SIM folder, where:

source file description
tb_add_sub_mul_div.v Test single-cycle version of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
tb_fxp_mul_div_pipe.v Test the pipelined version of multiply and divide.
tb_fxp_sqrt.v Test Square Root.
tb_convert_fxp_float.v Test the conversion between fixed-point and floating-point.

Before using iverilog for simulation, you need to install iverilog , see: iverilog_usage

Then double-click the corresponding .bat file to run the simulation.

 

 

 

 

 

Verilog-FixedPoint

Verilog 定点数库。

  • 可定制整数位宽和小数位宽。
  • 运算 : 加、减、乘、除、开方。
  • 溢出检测 : 发生溢出时,溢出信号=1,输出结果会设为正最大值(上溢出)或负最小值(下溢出)。
  • 舍入控制 : 发生截断时,可选择是否进行四舍五入。
  • 与单精度浮点数(IEEE754)互相转换
  • 所有运算均有 单周期实现 ,组合逻辑延迟长的运算有 流水线实现

 

定点数格式

定点数由若干位整数和若干位小数组成。其值= 该二进制码对应的整数补码 除以 2^小数位数

例如,若整数位数为8,小数位数为8,举例如下表:

二进制码 整数补码 定点数值 (8位整数,8位小数) 备注
0000000000000000 0 0.0 零值
0000000100000000 256 1.0
1111111100000000 -256 -1.0
0000000000000001 1 0.00390625 正最小值
1111111111111111 -1 -0.00390625 负最大值
0111111111111111 32767 127.99609375 正最大值
1000000000000000 -32768 -128.0 负最小值
0001010111000011 5571 21.76171875
1001010110100110 -27226 -106.3515625

本库的模块输入输出都可以用参数 (parameter) 来定制定点数位宽,这些参数的命名是统一的:

  • WOI 和 WOF 分别是输出的定点数的整数位宽和小数位宽。
  • 对于单目运算, WII 和 WIF 分别是输入的定点数的整数位宽和小数位宽。
  • 对于双目运算, WIIA 和 WIFA 分别是输入操作数A的定点数的整数位宽和小数位宽;WIIB 和 WIFB 分别是输入操作数B的定点数的整数位宽和小数位宽。

以乘法器为例:

module fxp_mul # ( // 以乘法器为例
    parameter WIIA = 8,       // 输入(乘数a)的整数位宽,默认=8
    parameter WIFA = 8,       // 输入(乘数a)的小数位宽,默认=8
    parameter WIIB = 8,       // 输入(乘数b)的整数位宽,默认=8
    parameter WIFB = 8,       // 输入(乘数b)的小数位宽,默认=8
    parameter WOI  = 8,       // 输出(积)的整数位宽,默认=8
    parameter WOF  = 8,       // 输出(积)的小数位宽,默认=8
    parameter bit ROUND= 1    // 当积的小数截断时,是否四舍五入,默认是
)(
    input  wire [WIIA+WIFA-1:0] ina, // 乘数a
    input  wire [WIIB+WIFB-1:0] inb, // 乘数b
    output wire [WOI +WOF -1:0] out, // 结果(积) = 乘数a * 乘数b
    output wire overflow             // 结果是否溢出,若溢出则为 1'b1
                                     // 若为上溢出,则out被置为最大正值
                                     // 若为下溢出,则out被置为最小负值
);

 

各模块名称与功能

所有可综合的模块实现都在 RTL/fixedpoint.v 中,各模块名称和功能如下表:

运算 单周期版本(组合逻辑) 流水线版本 流水线级数 说明
位宽变换 fxp_zoom 不需要 - 有溢出、舍入控制
加减 fxp_addsub 不需要 - 具有1bit信号控制加或减
fxp_add 不需要 -
乘法 fxp_mul fxp_mul_pipe 2
除法 fxp_div fxp_div_pipe WOI+WOF+3 单周期版时序不易收敛
开方(sqrt) fxp_sqrt fxp_sqrt_pipe WII/2+WIF+2 单周期版时序不易收敛
定点转浮点 fxp2float fxp2float_pipe WII+WIF+2 单周期版时序不易收敛
浮点转定点 float2fxp float2fxp_pipe WOI+WOF+4 单周期版时序不易收敛

 

仿真

仿真相关的文件都在 SIM 文件夹中,其中:

代码文件 说明
tb_add_sub_mul_div.v 测试单周期版本的加减乘除
tb_fxp_mul_div_pipe.v 测试流水线版本的乘除
tb_fxp_sqrt.v 测试开方运算
tb_convert_fxp_float.v 测试定点数与浮点数互相转化

使用 iverilog 进行仿真前,需要安装 iverilog ,见:iverilog_usage

然后双击对应的 .bat 文件就能运行仿真。