diff --git a/api/maven-api-model/src/main/mdo/maven.mdo b/api/maven-api-model/src/main/mdo/maven.mdo
index 4e29c4ffaf6a..2829ffdc225b 100644
--- a/api/maven-api-model/src/main/mdo/maven.mdo
+++ b/api/maven-api-model/src/main/mdo/maven.mdo
@@ -2742,10 +2742,79 @@
     <class>
       <name>Activation</name>
       <version>4.0.0+</version>
-      <description>The conditions within the build runtime environment which will trigger the
-        automatic inclusion of the build profile. Multiple conditions can be defined, which must
-        be all satisfied to activate the profile.
-      </description>
+      <description><![CDATA[
+            The conditions within the build runtime environment which will trigger the
+            automatic inclusion of the build profile. Multiple conditions can be defined, which must
+            be all satisfied to activate the profile.
+
+            <p>In addition to the traditional activation mechanisms (JDK version, OS properties,
+            file existence, etc.), Maven now supports a powerful condition-based activation
+            through the {@code condition} field. This new mechanism allows for more flexible
+            and expressive profile activation rules.</p>
+
+            <h2>Condition Syntax</h2>
+
+            <p>The condition is specified as a string expression that can include various
+            functions, comparisons, and logical operators. Some key features include:</p>
+
+            <ul>
+            <li>Property access: {@code ${property.name}}</li>
+            <li>Comparison operators: {@code ==}, {@code !=}, {@code <}, {@code >}, {@code <=}, {@code >=}</li>
+            <li>Logical operators: {@code &&} (AND), {@code ||} (OR), {@code not(...)}</li>
+            <li>Functions: {@code exists(...)}, {@code missing(...)}, {@code matches(...)}, {@code inrange(...)}, and more</li>
+            </ul>
+
+            <h2>Supported Functions</h2>
+
+            <p>The following functions are supported in condition expressions:</p>
+
+            <ul>
+            <li>{@code length(string)}: Returns the length of the given string.</li>
+            <li>{@code upper(string)}: Converts the string to uppercase.</li>
+            <li>{@code lower(string)}: Converts the string to lowercase.</li>
+            <li>{@code substring(string, start, [end])}: Returns a substring of the given string.</li>
+            <li>{@code indexOf(string, substring)}: Returns the index of the first occurrence of substring in string, or -1 if not found.</li>
+            <li>{@code contains(string, substring)}: Checks if the string contains the substring.</li>
+            <li>{@code matches(string, regex)}: Checks if the string matches the given regular expression.</li>
+            <li>{@code not(condition)}: Negates the given condition.</li>
+            <li>{@code if(condition, trueValue, falseValue)}: Returns trueValue if the condition is true, falseValue otherwise.</li>
+            <li>{@code exists(path)}: Checks if a file matching the given glob pattern exists.</li>
+            <li>{@code missing(path)}: Checks if a file matching the given glob pattern does not exist.</li>
+            <li>{@code inrange(version, range)}: Checks if the given version is within the specified version range.</li>
+            </ul>
+
+            <h2>Supported properties</h2>
+
+            <p>The following properties are supported in expressions:</p>
+
+            <ul>
+            <li>`project.basedir`: The project directory</li>
+            <li>`project.rootDirectory`: The root directory of the project</li>
+            <li>`project.artifactId`: The artifactId of the project</li>
+            <li>`project.packaging`: The packaging of the project</li>
+            <li>user properties</li>
+            <li>system properties (including environment variables prefixed with `env.`)</li>
+            </ul>
+
+            <h2>Examples</h2>
+
+            <ul>
+            <li>JDK version range: {@code inrange(${java.version}, '[11,)')} (JDK 11 or higher)</li>
+            <li>OS check: {@code ${os.name} == 'windows'}</li>
+            <li>File existence: {@code exists('${project.basedir}/src/**}{@code /*.xsd')}</li>
+            <li>Property check: {@code ${my.property} != 'some-value'}</li>
+            <li>Regex matching: {@code matches(${os.version}, '.*aws')}</li>
+            <li>Complex condition: {@code ${os.name} == 'windows' && ${os.arch} != 'amd64' && inrange(${os.version}, '[10,)')}</li>
+            <li>String length check: {@code length(${user.name}) > 5}</li>
+            <li>Substring with version: {@code substring(${java.version}, 0, 3) == '1.8'}</li>
+            <li>Using indexOf: {@code indexOf(${java.version}, '-') > 0}</li>
+            <li>Conditional logic: {@code if(contains(${java.version}, '-'), substring(${java.version}, 0, indexOf(${java.version}, '-')), ${java.version})}</li>
+            </ul>
+
+            <p>This flexible condition mechanism allows for more precise control over profile
+            activation, enabling developers to create profiles that respond to a wide range of
+            environmental factors and project states.</p>
+       ]]></description>
       <fields>
         <field>
           <name>activeByDefault</name>
@@ -2798,6 +2867,12 @@
           <type>String</type>
           <description>Specifies that this profile will be activated based on the project's packaging.</description>
         </field>
+        <field>
+          <name>condition</name>
+          <version>4.1.0+</version>
+          <type>String</type>
+          <description>The condition which must be satisfied to activate the profile.</description>
+        </field>
         <!--
         This could be included once we teach Maven to deal with multiple versions of the model
         <field>
diff --git a/api/maven-api-settings/src/main/mdo/settings.mdo b/api/maven-api-settings/src/main/mdo/settings.mdo
index f95229fefd5f..14ac0672b307 100644
--- a/api/maven-api-settings/src/main/mdo/settings.mdo
+++ b/api/maven-api-settings/src/main/mdo/settings.mdo
@@ -744,6 +744,14 @@
             Specifies that this profile will be activated based on the project's packaging.
           </description>
         </field>
+        <field>
+          <name>condition</name>
+          <version>2.0.0+</version>
+          <type>String</type>
+          <description>
+            The condition which must be satisfied to activate the profile.
+          </description>
+        </field>
       </fields>
     </class>
 
diff --git a/compat/maven-resolver-provider/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/repository/internal/MavenRepositorySystemSupplier.java b/compat/maven-resolver-provider/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/repository/internal/MavenRepositorySystemSupplier.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e5d004d211c..000000000000
--- a/compat/maven-resolver-provider/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/repository/internal/MavenRepositorySystemSupplier.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1104 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
- * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
- * distributed with this work for additional information
- * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
- * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
- * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
- * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
- * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations
- * under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.maven.repository.internal;
-
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
-import java.util.function.Supplier;
-
-import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilder;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultModelUrlNormalizer;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultModelVersionParser;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultModelXmlFactory;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultPluginConfigurationExpander;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultSuperPomProvider;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultUrlNormalizer;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultDependencyManagementImporter;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultDependencyManagementInjector;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultInheritanceAssembler;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultInterpolator;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelBuilder;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelCacheFactory;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelInterpolator;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelNormalizer;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelPathTranslator;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelProcessor;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelValidator;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultPathTranslator;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultPluginManagementInjector;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileInjector;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileSelector;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.rootlocator.DefaultRootLocator;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.DefaultVersionRangeResolver;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.DefaultVersionResolver;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.MavenArtifactRelocationSource;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.PluginsMetadataGeneratorFactory;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.SnapshotMetadataGeneratorFactory;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.VersionsMetadataGeneratorFactory;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.relocation.DistributionManagementArtifactRelocationSource;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.relocation.UserPropertiesArtifactRelocationSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.RepositoryListener;
-import org.eclipse.aether.RepositorySystem;
-import org.eclipse.aether.connector.basic.BasicRepositoryConnectorFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.ArtifactDescriptorReader;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.ArtifactResolver;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.DependencyCollector;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.Deployer;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.Installer;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.LocalRepositoryProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.MetadataGeneratorFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.MetadataResolver;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.OfflineController;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.RemoteRepositoryFilterManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.RemoteRepositoryManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.RepositoryConnectorProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.RepositoryEventDispatcher;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.RepositorySystemLifecycle;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.UpdateCheckManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.UpdatePolicyAnalyzer;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.VersionRangeResolver;
-import org.eclipse.aether.impl.VersionResolver;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultArtifactPredicateFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultArtifactResolver;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultChecksumPolicyProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultChecksumProcessor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultDeployer;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultInstaller;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultLocalPathComposer;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultLocalPathPrefixComposerFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultLocalRepositoryProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultMetadataResolver;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultOfflineController;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultPathProcessor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultRemoteRepositoryManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultRepositoryConnectorProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultRepositoryEventDispatcher;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultRepositoryLayoutProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultRepositorySystem;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultRepositorySystemLifecycle;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultTrackingFileManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultTransporterProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultUpdateCheckManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.DefaultUpdatePolicyAnalyzer;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.EnhancedLocalRepositoryManagerFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.LocalPathComposer;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.LocalPathPrefixComposerFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.Maven2RepositoryLayoutFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.SimpleLocalRepositoryManagerFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.TrackingFileManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.DefaultChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.Md5ChecksumAlgorithmFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.Sha1ChecksumAlgorithmFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.Sha256ChecksumAlgorithmFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.Sha512ChecksumAlgorithmFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.SparseDirectoryTrustedChecksumsSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.SummaryFileTrustedChecksumsSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.checksum.TrustedToProvidedChecksumsSourceAdapter;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.collect.DefaultDependencyCollector;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.collect.DependencyCollectorDelegate;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.collect.bf.BfDependencyCollector;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.collect.df.DfDependencyCollector;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.filter.DefaultRemoteRepositoryFilterManager;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.filter.GroupIdRemoteRepositoryFilterSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.filter.PrefixesRemoteRepositoryFilterSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.resolution.TrustedChecksumsArtifactResolverPostProcessor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.synccontext.DefaultSyncContextFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.synccontext.named.NameMapper;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.synccontext.named.NameMappers;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.synccontext.named.NamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.synccontext.named.NamedLockFactoryAdapterFactoryImpl;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.transport.http.DefaultChecksumExtractor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.transport.http.Nx2ChecksumExtractor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.internal.impl.transport.http.XChecksumExtractor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.named.NamedLockFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.named.providers.FileLockNamedLockFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.named.providers.LocalReadWriteLockNamedLockFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.named.providers.LocalSemaphoreNamedLockFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.named.providers.NoopNamedLockFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.artifact.ArtifactPredicateFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.artifact.decorator.ArtifactDecoratorFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.artifact.generator.ArtifactGeneratorFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.checksums.ProvidedChecksumsSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.checksums.TrustedChecksumsSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.RepositoryConnectorFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.checksum.ChecksumAlgorithmFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.checksum.ChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.checksum.ChecksumPolicyProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.filter.RemoteRepositoryFilterSource;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.layout.RepositoryLayoutFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.layout.RepositoryLayoutProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.transport.TransporterFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.transport.TransporterProvider;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.transport.http.ChecksumExtractor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.connector.transport.http.ChecksumExtractorStrategy;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.io.ChecksumProcessor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.io.PathProcessor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.localrepo.LocalRepositoryManagerFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.resolution.ArtifactResolverPostProcessor;
-import org.eclipse.aether.spi.synccontext.SyncContextFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.transport.apache.ApacheTransporterFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.transport.file.FileTransporterFactory;
-import org.eclipse.aether.util.version.GenericVersionScheme;
-import org.eclipse.aether.version.VersionScheme;
-
-/**
- * A simple memorizing {@link Supplier} of {@link RepositorySystem} instance, that on first call
- * supplies lazily constructed instance, and on each subsequent call same instance. Hence, this instance should be
- * thrown away immediately once repository system was created and there is no need for more instances. If new
- * repository system instance needed, new instance of this class must be created. For proper shut down of returned
- * repository system instance(s) use {@link RepositorySystem#shutdown()} method on supplied instance(s).
- * <p>
- * Since Resolver 2.0 this class offers access to various components via public getters, and allows even partial object
- * graph construction.
- * <p>
- * Extend this class {@code createXXX()} methods and override to customize, if needed. The contract of this class makes
- * sure that these (potentially overridden) methods are invoked only once, and instance created by those methods are
- * memorized and kept as long as supplier instance is kept open.
- * <p>
- * This class is not thread safe and must be used from one thread only, while the constructed {@link RepositorySystem}
- * is thread safe.
- * <p>
- * Important: Given the instance of supplier memorizes the supplier {@link RepositorySystem} instance it supplies,
- * their lifecycle is shared as well: once supplied repository system is shut-down, this instance becomes closed as
- * well. Any subsequent {@code getXXX} method invocation attempt will fail with {@link IllegalStateException}.
- *
- * @since 4.0.0
- * @deprecated since 4.0.0, use {@code maven-api-impl} jar instead
- */
-@Deprecated(since = "4.0.0")
-public class MavenRepositorySystemSupplier implements Supplier<RepositorySystem> {
-    private final AtomicBoolean closed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
-
-    public MavenRepositorySystemSupplier() {}
-
-    private void checkClosed() {
-        if (closed.get()) {
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Supplier is closed");
-        }
-    }
-
-    private PathProcessor pathProcessor;
-
-    public final PathProcessor getPathProcessor() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (pathProcessor == null) {
-            pathProcessor = createPathProcessor();
-        }
-        return pathProcessor;
-    }
-
-    protected PathProcessor createPathProcessor() {
-        return new DefaultPathProcessor();
-    }
-
-    private ChecksumProcessor checksumProcessor;
-
-    public final ChecksumProcessor getChecksumProcessor() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (checksumProcessor == null) {
-            checksumProcessor = createChecksumProcessor();
-        }
-        return checksumProcessor;
-    }
-
-    protected ChecksumProcessor createChecksumProcessor() {
-        return new DefaultChecksumProcessor(getPathProcessor());
-    }
-
-    private TrackingFileManager trackingFileManager;
-
-    public final TrackingFileManager getTrackingFileManager() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (trackingFileManager == null) {
-            trackingFileManager = createTrackingFileManager();
-        }
-        return trackingFileManager;
-    }
-
-    protected TrackingFileManager createTrackingFileManager() {
-        return new DefaultTrackingFileManager();
-    }
-
-    private LocalPathComposer localPathComposer;
-
-    public final LocalPathComposer getLocalPathComposer() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (localPathComposer == null) {
-            localPathComposer = createLocalPathComposer();
-        }
-        return localPathComposer;
-    }
-
-    protected LocalPathComposer createLocalPathComposer() {
-        return new DefaultLocalPathComposer();
-    }
-
-    private LocalPathPrefixComposerFactory localPathPrefixComposerFactory;
-
-    public final LocalPathPrefixComposerFactory getLocalPathPrefixComposerFactory() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (localPathPrefixComposerFactory == null) {
-            localPathPrefixComposerFactory = createLocalPathPrefixComposerFactory();
-        }
-        return localPathPrefixComposerFactory;
-    }
-
-    protected LocalPathPrefixComposerFactory createLocalPathPrefixComposerFactory() {
-        return new DefaultLocalPathPrefixComposerFactory();
-    }
-
-    private RepositorySystemLifecycle repositorySystemLifecycle;
-
-    public final RepositorySystemLifecycle getRepositorySystemLifecycle() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositorySystemLifecycle == null) {
-            repositorySystemLifecycle = createRepositorySystemLifecycle();
-            repositorySystemLifecycle.addOnSystemEndedHandler(() -> closed.set(true));
-        }
-        return repositorySystemLifecycle;
-    }
-
-    protected RepositorySystemLifecycle createRepositorySystemLifecycle() {
-        return new DefaultRepositorySystemLifecycle();
-    }
-
-    private OfflineController offlineController;
-
-    public final OfflineController getOfflineController() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (offlineController == null) {
-            offlineController = createOfflineController();
-        }
-        return offlineController;
-    }
-
-    protected OfflineController createOfflineController() {
-        return new DefaultOfflineController();
-    }
-
-    private UpdatePolicyAnalyzer updatePolicyAnalyzer;
-
-    public final UpdatePolicyAnalyzer getUpdatePolicyAnalyzer() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (updatePolicyAnalyzer == null) {
-            updatePolicyAnalyzer = createUpdatePolicyAnalyzer();
-        }
-        return updatePolicyAnalyzer;
-    }
-
-    protected UpdatePolicyAnalyzer createUpdatePolicyAnalyzer() {
-        return new DefaultUpdatePolicyAnalyzer();
-    }
-
-    private ChecksumPolicyProvider checksumPolicyProvider;
-
-    public final ChecksumPolicyProvider getChecksumPolicyProvider() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (checksumPolicyProvider == null) {
-            checksumPolicyProvider = createChecksumPolicyProvider();
-        }
-        return checksumPolicyProvider;
-    }
-
-    protected ChecksumPolicyProvider createChecksumPolicyProvider() {
-        return new DefaultChecksumPolicyProvider();
-    }
-
-    private UpdateCheckManager updateCheckManager;
-
-    public final UpdateCheckManager getUpdateCheckManager() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (updateCheckManager == null) {
-            updateCheckManager = createUpdateCheckManager();
-        }
-        return updateCheckManager;
-    }
-
-    protected UpdateCheckManager createUpdateCheckManager() {
-        return new DefaultUpdateCheckManager(getTrackingFileManager(), getUpdatePolicyAnalyzer(), getPathProcessor());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, NamedLockFactory> namedLockFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, NamedLockFactory> getNamedLockFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (namedLockFactories == null) {
-            namedLockFactories = createNamedLockFactories();
-        }
-        return namedLockFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, NamedLockFactory> createNamedLockFactories() {
-        HashMap<String, NamedLockFactory> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(NoopNamedLockFactory.NAME, new NoopNamedLockFactory());
-        result.put(LocalReadWriteLockNamedLockFactory.NAME, new LocalReadWriteLockNamedLockFactory());
-        result.put(LocalSemaphoreNamedLockFactory.NAME, new LocalSemaphoreNamedLockFactory());
-        result.put(FileLockNamedLockFactory.NAME, new FileLockNamedLockFactory());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, NameMapper> nameMappers;
-
-    public final Map<String, NameMapper> getNameMappers() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (nameMappers == null) {
-            nameMappers = createNameMappers();
-        }
-        return nameMappers;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, NameMapper> createNameMappers() {
-        HashMap<String, NameMapper> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(NameMappers.STATIC_NAME, NameMappers.staticNameMapper());
-        result.put(NameMappers.GAV_NAME, NameMappers.gavNameMapper());
-        result.put(NameMappers.DISCRIMINATING_NAME, NameMappers.discriminatingNameMapper());
-        result.put(NameMappers.FILE_GAV_NAME, NameMappers.fileGavNameMapper());
-        result.put(NameMappers.FILE_HGAV_NAME, NameMappers.fileHashingGavNameMapper());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private NamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory namedLockFactoryAdapterFactory;
-
-    public final NamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory getNamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (namedLockFactoryAdapterFactory == null) {
-            namedLockFactoryAdapterFactory = createNamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory();
-        }
-        return namedLockFactoryAdapterFactory;
-    }
-
-    protected NamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory createNamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory() {
-        return new NamedLockFactoryAdapterFactoryImpl(
-                getNamedLockFactories(), getNameMappers(), getRepositorySystemLifecycle());
-    }
-
-    private SyncContextFactory syncContextFactory;
-
-    public final SyncContextFactory getSyncContextFactory() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (syncContextFactory == null) {
-            syncContextFactory = createSyncContextFactory();
-        }
-        return syncContextFactory;
-    }
-
-    protected SyncContextFactory createSyncContextFactory() {
-        return new DefaultSyncContextFactory(getNamedLockFactoryAdapterFactory());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, ChecksumAlgorithmFactory> checksumAlgorithmFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, ChecksumAlgorithmFactory> getChecksumAlgorithmFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (checksumAlgorithmFactories == null) {
-            checksumAlgorithmFactories = createChecksumAlgorithmFactories();
-        }
-        return checksumAlgorithmFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, ChecksumAlgorithmFactory> createChecksumAlgorithmFactories() {
-        HashMap<String, ChecksumAlgorithmFactory> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(Sha512ChecksumAlgorithmFactory.NAME, new Sha512ChecksumAlgorithmFactory());
-        result.put(Sha256ChecksumAlgorithmFactory.NAME, new Sha256ChecksumAlgorithmFactory());
-        result.put(Sha1ChecksumAlgorithmFactory.NAME, new Sha1ChecksumAlgorithmFactory());
-        result.put(Md5ChecksumAlgorithmFactory.NAME, new Md5ChecksumAlgorithmFactory());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private ChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector checksumAlgorithmFactorySelector;
-
-    public final ChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector getChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (checksumAlgorithmFactorySelector == null) {
-            checksumAlgorithmFactorySelector = createChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector();
-        }
-        return checksumAlgorithmFactorySelector;
-    }
-
-    protected ChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector createChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector() {
-        return new DefaultChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector(getChecksumAlgorithmFactories());
-    }
-
-    private ArtifactPredicateFactory artifactPredicateFactory;
-
-    public final ArtifactPredicateFactory getArtifactPredicateFactory() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (artifactPredicateFactory == null) {
-            artifactPredicateFactory = createArtifactPredicateFactory();
-        }
-        return artifactPredicateFactory;
-    }
-
-    protected ArtifactPredicateFactory createArtifactPredicateFactory() {
-        return new DefaultArtifactPredicateFactory(getChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, RepositoryLayoutFactory> repositoryLayoutFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, RepositoryLayoutFactory> getRepositoryLayoutFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositoryLayoutFactories == null) {
-            repositoryLayoutFactories = createRepositoryLayoutFactories();
-        }
-        return repositoryLayoutFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, RepositoryLayoutFactory> createRepositoryLayoutFactories() {
-        HashMap<String, RepositoryLayoutFactory> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(
-                Maven2RepositoryLayoutFactory.NAME,
-                new Maven2RepositoryLayoutFactory(
-                        getChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector(), getArtifactPredicateFactory()));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private RepositoryLayoutProvider repositoryLayoutProvider;
-
-    public final RepositoryLayoutProvider getRepositoryLayoutProvider() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositoryLayoutProvider == null) {
-            repositoryLayoutProvider = createRepositoryLayoutProvider();
-        }
-        return repositoryLayoutProvider;
-    }
-
-    protected RepositoryLayoutProvider createRepositoryLayoutProvider() {
-        return new DefaultRepositoryLayoutProvider(getRepositoryLayoutFactories());
-    }
-
-    private LocalRepositoryProvider localRepositoryProvider;
-
-    public final LocalRepositoryProvider getLocalRepositoryProvider() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (localRepositoryProvider == null) {
-            localRepositoryProvider = createLocalRepositoryProvider();
-        }
-        return localRepositoryProvider;
-    }
-
-    protected LocalRepositoryProvider createLocalRepositoryProvider() {
-        LocalPathComposer localPathComposer = getLocalPathComposer();
-        HashMap<String, LocalRepositoryManagerFactory> localRepositoryProviders = new HashMap<>(2);
-        localRepositoryProviders.put(
-                SimpleLocalRepositoryManagerFactory.NAME, new SimpleLocalRepositoryManagerFactory(localPathComposer));
-        localRepositoryProviders.put(
-                EnhancedLocalRepositoryManagerFactory.NAME,
-                new EnhancedLocalRepositoryManagerFactory(
-                        localPathComposer, getTrackingFileManager(), getLocalPathPrefixComposerFactory()));
-        return new DefaultLocalRepositoryProvider(localRepositoryProviders);
-    }
-
-    private RemoteRepositoryManager remoteRepositoryManager;
-
-    public final RemoteRepositoryManager getRemoteRepositoryManager() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (remoteRepositoryManager == null) {
-            remoteRepositoryManager = createRemoteRepositoryManager();
-        }
-        return remoteRepositoryManager;
-    }
-
-    protected RemoteRepositoryManager createRemoteRepositoryManager() {
-        return new DefaultRemoteRepositoryManager(getUpdatePolicyAnalyzer(), getChecksumPolicyProvider());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, RemoteRepositoryFilterSource> remoteRepositoryFilterSources;
-
-    public final Map<String, RemoteRepositoryFilterSource> getRemoteRepositoryFilterSources() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (remoteRepositoryFilterSources == null) {
-            remoteRepositoryFilterSources = createRemoteRepositoryFilterSources();
-        }
-        return remoteRepositoryFilterSources;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, RemoteRepositoryFilterSource> createRemoteRepositoryFilterSources() {
-        HashMap<String, RemoteRepositoryFilterSource> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(
-                GroupIdRemoteRepositoryFilterSource.NAME,
-                new GroupIdRemoteRepositoryFilterSource(getRepositorySystemLifecycle()));
-        result.put(
-                PrefixesRemoteRepositoryFilterSource.NAME,
-                new PrefixesRemoteRepositoryFilterSource(getRepositoryLayoutProvider()));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private RemoteRepositoryFilterManager remoteRepositoryFilterManager;
-
-    public final RemoteRepositoryFilterManager getRemoteRepositoryFilterManager() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (remoteRepositoryFilterManager == null) {
-            remoteRepositoryFilterManager = createRemoteRepositoryFilterManager();
-        }
-        return remoteRepositoryFilterManager;
-    }
-
-    protected RemoteRepositoryFilterManager createRemoteRepositoryFilterManager() {
-        return new DefaultRemoteRepositoryFilterManager(getRemoteRepositoryFilterSources());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, RepositoryListener> repositoryListeners;
-
-    public final Map<String, RepositoryListener> getRepositoryListeners() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositoryListeners == null) {
-            repositoryListeners = createRepositoryListeners();
-        }
-        return repositoryListeners;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, RepositoryListener> createRepositoryListeners() {
-        return new HashMap<>();
-    }
-
-    private RepositoryEventDispatcher repositoryEventDispatcher;
-
-    public final RepositoryEventDispatcher getRepositoryEventDispatcher() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositoryEventDispatcher == null) {
-            repositoryEventDispatcher = createRepositoryEventDispatcher();
-        }
-        return repositoryEventDispatcher;
-    }
-
-    protected RepositoryEventDispatcher createRepositoryEventDispatcher() {
-        return new DefaultRepositoryEventDispatcher(getRepositoryListeners());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, TrustedChecksumsSource> trustedChecksumsSources;
-
-    public final Map<String, TrustedChecksumsSource> getTrustedChecksumsSources() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (trustedChecksumsSources == null) {
-            trustedChecksumsSources = createTrustedChecksumsSources();
-        }
-        return trustedChecksumsSources;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, TrustedChecksumsSource> createTrustedChecksumsSources() {
-        HashMap<String, TrustedChecksumsSource> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(
-                SparseDirectoryTrustedChecksumsSource.NAME,
-                new SparseDirectoryTrustedChecksumsSource(getChecksumProcessor(), getLocalPathComposer()));
-        result.put(
-                SummaryFileTrustedChecksumsSource.NAME,
-                new SummaryFileTrustedChecksumsSource(getLocalPathComposer(), getRepositorySystemLifecycle()));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, ProvidedChecksumsSource> providedChecksumsSources;
-
-    public final Map<String, ProvidedChecksumsSource> getProvidedChecksumsSources() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (providedChecksumsSources == null) {
-            providedChecksumsSources = createProvidedChecksumsSources();
-        }
-        return providedChecksumsSources;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, ProvidedChecksumsSource> createProvidedChecksumsSources() {
-        HashMap<String, ProvidedChecksumsSource> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(
-                TrustedToProvidedChecksumsSourceAdapter.NAME,
-                new TrustedToProvidedChecksumsSourceAdapter(getTrustedChecksumsSources()));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, ChecksumExtractorStrategy> checksumExtractorStrategies;
-
-    public final Map<String, ChecksumExtractorStrategy> getChecksumExtractorStrategies() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (checksumExtractorStrategies == null) {
-            checksumExtractorStrategies = createChecksumExtractorStrategies();
-        }
-        return checksumExtractorStrategies;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, ChecksumExtractorStrategy> createChecksumExtractorStrategies() {
-        HashMap<String, ChecksumExtractorStrategy> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(XChecksumExtractor.NAME, new XChecksumExtractor());
-        result.put(Nx2ChecksumExtractor.NAME, new Nx2ChecksumExtractor());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private ChecksumExtractor checksumExtractor;
-
-    public final ChecksumExtractor getChecksumExtractor() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (checksumExtractor == null) {
-            checksumExtractor = createChecksumExtractor();
-        }
-        return checksumExtractor;
-    }
-
-    protected ChecksumExtractor createChecksumExtractor() {
-        return new DefaultChecksumExtractor(getChecksumExtractorStrategies());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, TransporterFactory> transporterFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, TransporterFactory> getTransporterFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (transporterFactories == null) {
-            transporterFactories = createTransporterFactories();
-        }
-        return transporterFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, TransporterFactory> createTransporterFactories() {
-        HashMap<String, TransporterFactory> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(FileTransporterFactory.NAME, new FileTransporterFactory());
-        result.put(
-                ApacheTransporterFactory.NAME,
-                new ApacheTransporterFactory(getChecksumExtractor(), getPathProcessor()));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private TransporterProvider transporterProvider;
-
-    public final TransporterProvider getTransporterProvider() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (transporterProvider == null) {
-            transporterProvider = createTransporterProvider();
-        }
-        return transporterProvider;
-    }
-
-    protected TransporterProvider createTransporterProvider() {
-        return new DefaultTransporterProvider(getTransporterFactories());
-    }
-
-    private BasicRepositoryConnectorFactory basicRepositoryConnectorFactory;
-
-    public final BasicRepositoryConnectorFactory getBasicRepositoryConnectorFactory() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (basicRepositoryConnectorFactory == null) {
-            basicRepositoryConnectorFactory = createBasicRepositoryConnectorFactory();
-        }
-        return basicRepositoryConnectorFactory;
-    }
-
-    protected BasicRepositoryConnectorFactory createBasicRepositoryConnectorFactory() {
-        return new BasicRepositoryConnectorFactory(
-                getTransporterProvider(),
-                getRepositoryLayoutProvider(),
-                getChecksumPolicyProvider(),
-                getChecksumProcessor(),
-                getProvidedChecksumsSources());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, RepositoryConnectorFactory> repositoryConnectorFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, RepositoryConnectorFactory> getRepositoryConnectorFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositoryConnectorFactories == null) {
-            repositoryConnectorFactories = createRepositoryConnectorFactories();
-        }
-        return repositoryConnectorFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, RepositoryConnectorFactory> createRepositoryConnectorFactories() {
-        HashMap<String, RepositoryConnectorFactory> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(BasicRepositoryConnectorFactory.NAME, getBasicRepositoryConnectorFactory());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private RepositoryConnectorProvider repositoryConnectorProvider;
-
-    public final RepositoryConnectorProvider getRepositoryConnectorProvider() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositoryConnectorProvider == null) {
-            repositoryConnectorProvider = createRepositoryConnectorProvider();
-        }
-        return repositoryConnectorProvider;
-    }
-
-    protected RepositoryConnectorProvider createRepositoryConnectorProvider() {
-        return new DefaultRepositoryConnectorProvider(
-                getRepositoryConnectorFactories(), getRemoteRepositoryFilterManager());
-    }
-
-    private Installer installer;
-
-    public final Installer getInstaller() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (installer == null) {
-            installer = createInstaller();
-        }
-        return installer;
-    }
-
-    protected Installer createInstaller() {
-        return new DefaultInstaller(
-                getPathProcessor(),
-                getRepositoryEventDispatcher(),
-                getArtifactGeneratorFactories(),
-                getMetadataGeneratorFactories(),
-                getSyncContextFactory());
-    }
-
-    private Deployer deployer;
-
-    public final Deployer getDeployer() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (deployer == null) {
-            deployer = createDeployer();
-        }
-        return deployer;
-    }
-
-    protected Deployer createDeployer() {
-        return new DefaultDeployer(
-                getPathProcessor(),
-                getRepositoryEventDispatcher(),
-                getRepositoryConnectorProvider(),
-                getRemoteRepositoryManager(),
-                getUpdateCheckManager(),
-                getArtifactGeneratorFactories(),
-                getMetadataGeneratorFactories(),
-                getSyncContextFactory(),
-                getOfflineController());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, DependencyCollectorDelegate> dependencyCollectorDelegates;
-
-    public final Map<String, DependencyCollectorDelegate> getDependencyCollectorDelegates() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (dependencyCollectorDelegates == null) {
-            dependencyCollectorDelegates = createDependencyCollectorDelegates();
-        }
-        return dependencyCollectorDelegates;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, DependencyCollectorDelegate> createDependencyCollectorDelegates() {
-        RemoteRepositoryManager remoteRepositoryManager = getRemoteRepositoryManager();
-        ArtifactDescriptorReader artifactDescriptorReader = getArtifactDescriptorReader();
-        VersionRangeResolver versionRangeResolver = getVersionRangeResolver();
-        HashMap<String, DependencyCollectorDelegate> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(
-                DfDependencyCollector.NAME,
-                new DfDependencyCollector(
-                        remoteRepositoryManager,
-                        artifactDescriptorReader,
-                        versionRangeResolver,
-                        getArtifactDecoratorFactories()));
-        result.put(
-                BfDependencyCollector.NAME,
-                new BfDependencyCollector(
-                        remoteRepositoryManager,
-                        artifactDescriptorReader,
-                        versionRangeResolver,
-                        getArtifactDecoratorFactories()));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private DependencyCollector dependencyCollector;
-
-    public final DependencyCollector getDependencyCollector() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (dependencyCollector == null) {
-            dependencyCollector = createDependencyCollector();
-        }
-        return dependencyCollector;
-    }
-
-    protected DependencyCollector createDependencyCollector() {
-        return new DefaultDependencyCollector(getDependencyCollectorDelegates());
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, ArtifactResolverPostProcessor> artifactResolverPostProcessors;
-
-    public final Map<String, ArtifactResolverPostProcessor> getArtifactResolverPostProcessors() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (artifactResolverPostProcessors == null) {
-            artifactResolverPostProcessors = createArtifactResolverPostProcessors();
-        }
-        return artifactResolverPostProcessors;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, ArtifactResolverPostProcessor> createArtifactResolverPostProcessors() {
-        HashMap<String, ArtifactResolverPostProcessor> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(
-                TrustedChecksumsArtifactResolverPostProcessor.NAME,
-                new TrustedChecksumsArtifactResolverPostProcessor(
-                        getChecksumAlgorithmFactorySelector(), getTrustedChecksumsSources()));
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private ArtifactResolver artifactResolver;
-
-    public final ArtifactResolver getArtifactResolver() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (artifactResolver == null) {
-            artifactResolver = createArtifactResolver();
-        }
-        return artifactResolver;
-    }
-
-    protected ArtifactResolver createArtifactResolver() {
-        return new DefaultArtifactResolver(
-                getPathProcessor(),
-                getRepositoryEventDispatcher(),
-                getVersionResolver(),
-                getUpdateCheckManager(),
-                getRepositoryConnectorProvider(),
-                getRemoteRepositoryManager(),
-                getSyncContextFactory(),
-                getOfflineController(),
-                getArtifactResolverPostProcessors(),
-                getRemoteRepositoryFilterManager());
-    }
-
-    private MetadataResolver metadataResolver;
-
-    public final MetadataResolver getMetadataResolver() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (metadataResolver == null) {
-            metadataResolver = createMetadataResolver();
-        }
-        return metadataResolver;
-    }
-
-    protected MetadataResolver createMetadataResolver() {
-        return new DefaultMetadataResolver(
-                getRepositoryEventDispatcher(),
-                getUpdateCheckManager(),
-                getRepositoryConnectorProvider(),
-                getRemoteRepositoryManager(),
-                getSyncContextFactory(),
-                getOfflineController(),
-                getRemoteRepositoryFilterManager(),
-                getPathProcessor());
-    }
-
-    private VersionScheme versionScheme;
-
-    public final VersionScheme getVersionScheme() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (versionScheme == null) {
-            versionScheme = createVersionScheme();
-        }
-        return versionScheme;
-    }
-
-    protected VersionScheme createVersionScheme() {
-        return new GenericVersionScheme();
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, ArtifactGeneratorFactory> artifactGeneratorFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, ArtifactGeneratorFactory> getArtifactGeneratorFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (artifactGeneratorFactories == null) {
-            artifactGeneratorFactories = createArtifactGeneratorFactories();
-        }
-        return artifactGeneratorFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, ArtifactGeneratorFactory> createArtifactGeneratorFactories() {
-        // by default none, this is extension point
-        return new HashMap<>();
-    }
-
-    private Map<String, ArtifactDecoratorFactory> artifactDecoratorFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, ArtifactDecoratorFactory> getArtifactDecoratorFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (artifactDecoratorFactories == null) {
-            artifactDecoratorFactories = createArtifactDecoratorFactories();
-        }
-        return artifactDecoratorFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, ArtifactDecoratorFactory> createArtifactDecoratorFactories() {
-        // by default none, this is extension point
-        return new HashMap<>();
-    }
-
-    // Maven provided
-
-    private Map<String, MetadataGeneratorFactory> metadataGeneratorFactories;
-
-    public final Map<String, MetadataGeneratorFactory> getMetadataGeneratorFactories() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (metadataGeneratorFactories == null) {
-            metadataGeneratorFactories = createMetadataGeneratorFactories();
-        }
-        return metadataGeneratorFactories;
-    }
-
-    protected Map<String, MetadataGeneratorFactory> createMetadataGeneratorFactories() {
-        // from maven-resolver-provider
-        HashMap<String, MetadataGeneratorFactory> result = new HashMap<>();
-        result.put(PluginsMetadataGeneratorFactory.NAME, new PluginsMetadataGeneratorFactory());
-        result.put(VersionsMetadataGeneratorFactory.NAME, new VersionsMetadataGeneratorFactory());
-        result.put(SnapshotMetadataGeneratorFactory.NAME, new SnapshotMetadataGeneratorFactory());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private LinkedHashMap<String, MavenArtifactRelocationSource> artifactRelocationSources;
-
-    public final LinkedHashMap<String, MavenArtifactRelocationSource> getMavenArtifactRelocationSources() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (artifactRelocationSources == null) {
-            artifactRelocationSources = createMavenArtifactRelocationSources();
-        }
-        return artifactRelocationSources;
-    }
-
-    protected LinkedHashMap<String, MavenArtifactRelocationSource> createMavenArtifactRelocationSources() {
-        // from maven-resolver-provider
-        LinkedHashMap<String, MavenArtifactRelocationSource> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
-        result.put(UserPropertiesArtifactRelocationSource.NAME, new UserPropertiesArtifactRelocationSource());
-        result.put(
-                DistributionManagementArtifactRelocationSource.NAME,
-                new DistributionManagementArtifactRelocationSource());
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    private ArtifactDescriptorReader artifactDescriptorReader;
-
-    public final ArtifactDescriptorReader getArtifactDescriptorReader() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (artifactDescriptorReader == null) {
-            artifactDescriptorReader = createArtifactDescriptorReader();
-        }
-        return artifactDescriptorReader;
-    }
-
-    protected ArtifactDescriptorReader createArtifactDescriptorReader() {
-        // from maven-resolver-provider
-        return new DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader(
-                getVersionResolver(),
-                getArtifactResolver(),
-                getModelBuilder(),
-                getRepositoryEventDispatcher(),
-                getMavenArtifactRelocationSources());
-    }
-
-    private VersionResolver versionResolver;
-
-    public final VersionResolver getVersionResolver() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (versionResolver == null) {
-            versionResolver = createVersionResolver();
-        }
-        return versionResolver;
-    }
-
-    protected VersionResolver createVersionResolver() {
-        // from maven-resolver-provider
-        return new DefaultVersionResolver(
-                getMetadataResolver(), getSyncContextFactory(), getRepositoryEventDispatcher());
-    }
-
-    private VersionRangeResolver versionRangeResolver;
-
-    public final VersionRangeResolver getVersionRangeResolver() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (versionRangeResolver == null) {
-            versionRangeResolver = createVersionRangeResolver();
-        }
-        return versionRangeResolver;
-    }
-
-    protected VersionRangeResolver createVersionRangeResolver() {
-        // from maven-resolver-provider
-        return new DefaultVersionRangeResolver(
-                getMetadataResolver(), getSyncContextFactory(), getRepositoryEventDispatcher(), getVersionScheme());
-    }
-
-    private ModelBuilder modelBuilder;
-
-    public final ModelBuilder getModelBuilder() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (modelBuilder == null) {
-            modelBuilder = createModelBuilder();
-        }
-        return modelBuilder;
-    }
-
-    protected ModelBuilder createModelBuilder() {
-        // from maven-model-builder
-        DefaultModelProcessor modelProcessor = new DefaultModelProcessor(new DefaultModelXmlFactory(), List.of());
-        return new DefaultModelBuilder(
-                modelProcessor,
-                new DefaultModelValidator(),
-                new DefaultModelNormalizer(),
-                new DefaultModelInterpolator(
-                        new DefaultPathTranslator(),
-                        new DefaultUrlNormalizer(),
-                        new DefaultRootLocator(),
-                        new DefaultInterpolator()),
-                new DefaultModelPathTranslator(new DefaultPathTranslator()),
-                new DefaultModelUrlNormalizer(new DefaultUrlNormalizer()),
-                new DefaultSuperPomProvider(modelProcessor),
-                new DefaultInheritanceAssembler(),
-                new DefaultProfileSelector(),
-                new DefaultProfileInjector(),
-                new DefaultPluginManagementInjector(),
-                new DefaultDependencyManagementInjector(),
-                new DefaultDependencyManagementImporter(),
-                new DefaultPluginConfigurationExpander(),
-                new ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(
-                        new DefaultPathTranslator(), new DefaultRootLocator(), new DefaultInterpolator()),
-                new DefaultModelVersionParser(getVersionScheme()),
-                List.of(),
-                new DefaultModelCacheFactory(),
-                new org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.DefaultModelResolver(),
-                new DefaultInterpolator());
-    }
-
-    private RepositorySystem repositorySystem;
-
-    public final RepositorySystem getRepositorySystem() {
-        checkClosed();
-        if (repositorySystem == null) {
-            repositorySystem = createRepositorySystem();
-        }
-        return repositorySystem;
-    }
-
-    protected RepositorySystem createRepositorySystem() {
-        return new DefaultRepositorySystem(
-                getVersionResolver(),
-                getVersionRangeResolver(),
-                getArtifactResolver(),
-                getMetadataResolver(),
-                getArtifactDescriptorReader(),
-                getDependencyCollector(),
-                getInstaller(),
-                getDeployer(),
-                getLocalRepositoryProvider(),
-                getSyncContextFactory(),
-                getRemoteRepositoryManager(),
-                getRepositorySystemLifecycle(),
-                getArtifactDecoratorFactories());
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public RepositorySystem get() {
-        return getRepositorySystem();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/mvn/RepositorySystemSupplier.java b/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/mvn/RepositorySystemSupplier.java
index b4188631ca85..27c2c1086f9c 100644
--- a/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/mvn/RepositorySystemSupplier.java
+++ b/impl/maven-cli/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/cling/invoker/mvn/RepositorySystemSupplier.java
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultPluginManagementInjector;
 import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileInjector;
 import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileSelector;
-import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
 import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.rootlocator.DefaultRootLocator;
 import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.DefaultArtifactDescriptorReader;
 import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.resolver.DefaultModelResolver;
@@ -1049,14 +1048,12 @@ protected ModelBuilder createModelBuilder() {
                 new DefaultModelUrlNormalizer(new DefaultUrlNormalizer()),
                 new DefaultSuperPomProvider(modelProcessor),
                 new DefaultInheritanceAssembler(),
-                new DefaultProfileSelector(),
+                new DefaultProfileSelector(null, null),
                 new DefaultProfileInjector(),
                 new DefaultPluginManagementInjector(),
                 new DefaultDependencyManagementInjector(),
                 new DefaultDependencyManagementImporter(),
                 new DefaultPluginConfigurationExpander(),
-                new ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(
-                        new DefaultPathTranslator(), new DefaultRootLocator(), new DefaultInterpolator()),
                 new DefaultModelVersionParser(getVersionScheme()),
                 List.of(),
                 new DefaultModelCacheFactory(),
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileActivationContext.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileActivationContext.java
index 8c1750342b5b..be1818524b5e 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileActivationContext.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileActivationContext.java
@@ -18,27 +18,29 @@
  */
 package org.apache.maven.api.services.model;
 
-import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
+import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+
 /**
  * Describes the environmental context used to determine the activation status of profiles.
  *
+ * The {@link Model} is available from the activation context, but only static parts of it
+ * are allowed to be used, i.e. those that do not change between file model and effective model.
+ *
  */
 public interface ProfileActivationContext {
-    /**
-     * Key of the property containing the project's packaging.
-     * Available in {@link #getUserProperties()}.
-     * @since 4.0.0
-     */
-    String PROPERTY_NAME_PACKAGING = "packaging";
 
     /**
      * Gets the identifiers of those profiles that should be activated by explicit demand.
      *
      * @return The identifiers of those profiles to activate, never {@code null}.
      */
+    @Nonnull
     List<String> getActiveProfileIds();
 
     /**
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ public interface ProfileActivationContext {
      *
      * @return The identifiers of those profiles to deactivate, never {@code null}.
      */
+    @Nonnull
     List<String> getInactiveProfileIds();
 
     /**
@@ -54,6 +57,7 @@ public interface ProfileActivationContext {
      *
      * @return The execution properties, never {@code null}.
      */
+    @Nonnull
     Map<String, String> getSystemProperties();
 
     /**
@@ -63,19 +67,28 @@ public interface ProfileActivationContext {
      *
      * @return The user properties, never {@code null}.
      */
+    @Nonnull
     Map<String, String> getUserProperties();
 
     /**
-     * Gets the base directory of the current project (if any).
+     * Gets current calculated project properties
+     *
+     * @return The project properties, never {@code null}.
+     */
+    Map<String, String> getProjectProperties();
+
+    /**
+     * Inject properties from newly activated profiles in order to trigger the cascading mechanism.
      *
-     * @return The base directory of the current project or {@code null} if none.
+     * @param activatedProfiles The collection of profiles that have been activated that may trigger the cascading effect.
      */
-    Path getProjectDirectory();
+    void addProfileProperties(Collection<Profile> activatedProfiles);
 
     /**
-     * Gets current calculated project properties
+     * Gets the model which is being activated.
      *
-     * @return The project properties, never {@code null}.
+     * @return The project model, never {@code null}.
      */
-    Map<String, String> getProjectProperties();
+    @Nonnull
+    Model getModel();
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileSelector.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileSelector.java
index b85cdd43eb5c..caea8bc98e47 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileSelector.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/api/services/model/ProfileSelector.java
@@ -38,8 +38,13 @@ public interface ProfileSelector {
      * @param context The environmental context used to determine the activation status of a profile, must not be
      *            {@code null}.
      * @param problems The container used to collect problems that were encountered, must not be {@code null}.
+     * @param cascade Indicates whether profile activation should cascade, i.e. properties from an activated profile may
+     *                trigger the activation of other profiles.
      * @return The profiles that have been activated, never {@code null}.
      */
     List<Profile> getActiveProfiles(
-            Collection<Profile> profiles, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems);
+            Collection<Profile> profiles,
+            ProfileActivationContext context,
+            ModelProblemCollector problems,
+            boolean cascade);
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultSettingsBuilder.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultSettingsBuilder.java
index 1dc9635cdb9b..b9b4c4f393be 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultSettingsBuilder.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/DefaultSettingsBuilder.java
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.SettingsXmlFactory;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.XmlReaderException;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.xml.XmlReaderRequest;
+import org.apache.maven.api.settings.Activation;
 import org.apache.maven.api.settings.Profile;
 import org.apache.maven.api.settings.Repository;
 import org.apache.maven.api.settings.RepositoryPolicy;
@@ -233,10 +235,23 @@ private Settings interpolate(Settings settings, SettingsBuilderRequest request,
             Map<String, String> systemProperties = request.getSession().getSystemProperties();
             src = Interpolator.chain(userProperties::get, systemProperties::get);
         }
-        return new SettingsTransformer(value -> value != null ? interpolator.interpolate(value, src) : null)
+        return new DefSettingsTransformer(value -> value != null ? interpolator.interpolate(value, src) : null)
                 .visit(settings);
     }
 
+    static class DefSettingsTransformer extends SettingsTransformer {
+        DefSettingsTransformer(Function<String, String> transformer) {
+            super(transformer);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected Activation.Builder transformActivation_Condition(
+                Supplier<? extends Activation.Builder> creator, Activation.Builder builder, Activation target) {
+            // do not interpolate the condition activation
+            return builder;
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public List<BuilderProblem> validate(Settings settings, boolean isProjectSettings) {
         ArrayList<BuilderProblem> problems = new ArrayList<>();
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java
index 83786692f669..2b3384e870b0 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/SettingsUtilsV4.java
@@ -127,6 +127,8 @@ public static Profile convertToSettingsProfile(org.apache.maven.api.model.Profil
 
             activation.packaging(modelActivation.getPackaging());
 
+            activation.condition(modelActivation.getCondition());
+
             profile.activation(activation.build());
         }
 
@@ -212,6 +214,8 @@ public static org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile convertFromSettingsProfile(Prof
 
             activation.packaging(settingsActivation.getPackaging());
 
+            activation.condition(settingsActivation.getCondition());
+
             profile.activation(activation.build());
         }
 
@@ -233,7 +237,7 @@ public static org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile convertFromSettingsProfile(Prof
         }
 
         org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile value = profile.build();
-        value.setSource("settings.xml");
+        value.setSource(org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile.SOURCE_SETTINGS);
         return value;
     }
 
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java
index c403bacd94f7..bbc4362c3cc9 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelBuilder.java
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
-import java.util.Properties;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
-import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
@@ -58,8 +56,6 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
-import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
-import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationFile;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.DependencyManagement;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Exclusion;
@@ -72,7 +68,6 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem.Severity;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.Interpolator;
-import org.apache.maven.api.services.InterpolatorException;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.MavenException;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilder;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderException;
@@ -102,7 +97,6 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ModelVersionParser;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.PluginConfigurationExpander;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.PluginManagementInjector;
-import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileInjector;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileSelector;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.RootLocator;
@@ -111,7 +105,6 @@
 import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ModelParserException;
 import org.apache.maven.api.spi.ModelTransformer;
 import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.util.PhasingExecutor;
-import org.apache.maven.model.v4.MavenTransformer;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
@@ -147,7 +140,6 @@ public class DefaultModelBuilder implements ModelBuilder {
     private final DependencyManagementInjector dependencyManagementInjector;
     private final DependencyManagementImporter dependencyManagementImporter;
     private final PluginConfigurationExpander pluginConfigurationExpander;
-    private final ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator profileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
     private final ModelVersionParser versionParser;
     private final List<ModelTransformer> transformers;
     private final ModelCacheFactory modelCacheFactory;
@@ -171,7 +163,6 @@ public DefaultModelBuilder(
             DependencyManagementInjector dependencyManagementInjector,
             DependencyManagementImporter dependencyManagementImporter,
             PluginConfigurationExpander pluginConfigurationExpander,
-            ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator profileActivationFilePathInterpolator,
             ModelVersionParser versionParser,
             List<ModelTransformer> transformers,
             ModelCacheFactory modelCacheFactory,
@@ -191,7 +182,6 @@ public DefaultModelBuilder(
         this.dependencyManagementInjector = dependencyManagementInjector;
         this.dependencyManagementImporter = dependencyManagementImporter;
         this.pluginConfigurationExpander = pluginConfigurationExpander;
-        this.profileActivationFilePathInterpolator = profileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
         this.versionParser = versionParser;
         this.transformers = transformers;
         this.modelCacheFactory = modelCacheFactory;
@@ -734,7 +724,8 @@ private void loadFilePom(
                 // keep all loaded file models in memory, those will be needed
                 // during the raw to build transformation
                 putSource(getGroupId(model), model.getArtifactId(), src);
-                Model activated = activateFileModel(model);
+                setRootModel(model);
+                Model activated = activateModel(model, List.of(), false);
                 for (String subproject : getSubprojects(activated)) {
                     if (subproject == null || subproject.isEmpty()) {
                         continue;
@@ -796,12 +787,6 @@ private void loadFilePom(
             }
         }
 
-        static <T> Set<T> concat(Set<T> a, T b) {
-            Set<T> result = new HashSet<>(a);
-            result.add(b);
-            return Set.copyOf(result);
-        }
-
         void buildEffectiveModel(Collection<String> importIds) throws ModelBuilderException {
             Model resultModel = readEffectiveModel();
             setSource(resultModel);
@@ -1094,42 +1079,38 @@ Model resolveAndReadParentExternally(Model childModel) throws ModelBuilderExcept
             return parentModel;
         }
 
-        Model activateFileModel(Model inputModel) throws ModelBuilderException {
-            setRootModel(inputModel);
-
-            // profile activation
-            DefaultProfileActivationContext profileActivationContext = getProfileActivationContext(request, inputModel);
-
-            setSource("(external profiles)");
-            List<Profile> activeExternalProfiles = getActiveProfiles(request.getProfiles(), profileActivationContext);
-
-            result.setActiveExternalProfiles(activeExternalProfiles);
-
-            if (!activeExternalProfiles.isEmpty()) {
-                Properties profileProps = new Properties();
-                for (Profile profile : activeExternalProfiles) {
-                    profileProps.putAll(profile.getProperties());
+        Model activateModel(Model model, List<Profile> parentProfiles, boolean saveInfo) throws ModelBuilderException {
+            int nbProfiles = request.getProfiles().size()
+                    + parentProfiles.size()
+                    + model.getProfiles().size();
+            if (nbProfiles == 0) {
+                if (saveInfo) {
+                    result.setActivePomProfiles(List.of());
+                    result.setActiveExternalProfiles(List.of());
                 }
-                profileProps.putAll(profileActivationContext.getUserProperties());
-                profileActivationContext.setUserProperties(profileProps);
+                return model;
             }
 
-            profileActivationContext.setProjectProperties(inputModel.getProperties());
-            setSource(inputModel);
-            List<Profile> activePomProfiles = getActiveProfiles(inputModel.getProfiles(), profileActivationContext);
+            DefaultProfileActivationContext profileActivationContext = getProfileActivationContext(request, model);
 
-            // model normalization
-            setSource(inputModel);
-            inputModel = modelNormalizer.mergeDuplicates(inputModel, request, this);
+            List<Profile> profiles = new ArrayList<>(nbProfiles);
+            profiles.addAll(model.getProfiles());
+            profiles.addAll(parentProfiles);
+            profiles.addAll(request.getProfiles());
 
-            Map<String, Activation> interpolatedActivations = getProfileActivations(inputModel);
-            inputModel = injectProfileActivations(inputModel, interpolatedActivations);
+            boolean cascade = !MODEL_VERSION_4_0_0.equals(model.getModelVersion());
+            List<Profile> activated =
+                    profileSelector.getActiveProfiles(profiles, profileActivationContext, this, cascade);
 
-            // profile injection
-            inputModel = profileInjector.injectProfiles(inputModel, activePomProfiles, request, this);
-            inputModel = profileInjector.injectProfiles(inputModel, activeExternalProfiles, request, this);
+            if (saveInfo) {
+                Map<Boolean, List<Profile>> partitioned = activated.stream()
+                        .collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(p -> Profile.SOURCE_POM.equals(p.getSource())));
+                result.setActivePomProfiles(partitioned.get(true));
+                result.setActiveExternalProfiles(partitioned.get(false));
+            }
 
-            return inputModel;
+            // profile injection
+            return profileInjector.injectProfiles(model, activated, request, this);
         }
 
         @SuppressWarnings("checkstyle:methodlength")
@@ -1141,71 +1122,15 @@ private Model readEffectiveModel() throws ModelBuilderException {
 
             setRootModel(inputModel);
 
-            Model activatedFileModel = activateFileModel(inputModel);
+            Model parentModel = readParent(inputModel);
 
-            // profile activation
-            DefaultProfileActivationContext profileActivationContext =
-                    getProfileActivationContext(request, activatedFileModel);
-
-            List<Profile> activeExternalProfiles = result.getActiveExternalProfiles();
-
-            if (!activeExternalProfiles.isEmpty()) {
-                Properties profileProps = new Properties();
-                for (Profile profile : activeExternalProfiles) {
-                    profileProps.putAll(profile.getProperties());
-                }
-                profileProps.putAll(profileActivationContext.getUserProperties());
-                profileActivationContext.setUserProperties(profileProps);
-            }
-
-            Model parentModel = readParent(activatedFileModel);
-            // Now that we have read the parent, we can set the relative
-            // path correctly if it was not set in the input model
-            if (inputModel.getParent() != null && inputModel.getParent().getRelativePath() == null) {
-                String relPath;
-                if (parentModel.getPomFile() != null
-                        && (request.getRequestType() == ModelBuilderRequest.RequestType.BUILD_POM
-                                || request.getRequestType() == ModelBuilderRequest.RequestType.CONSUMER_POM)) {
-                    relPath = inputModel
-                            .getPomFile()
-                            .getParent()
-                            .relativize(parentModel.getPomFile().getParent())
-                            .toString();
-                } else {
-                    relPath = "..";
-                }
-                inputModel = inputModel.withParent(inputModel.getParent().withRelativePath(relPath));
-            }
-
-            List<Profile> parentInterpolatedProfiles =
-                    interpolateActivations(parentModel.getProfiles(), profileActivationContext, this);
-            // profile injection
-            List<Profile> parentActivePomProfiles =
-                    getActiveProfiles(parentInterpolatedProfiles, profileActivationContext);
-            Model injectedParentModel = profileInjector
-                    .injectProfiles(parentModel, parentActivePomProfiles, request, this)
-                    .withProfiles(List.of());
-
-            Model model = inheritanceAssembler.assembleModelInheritance(inputModel, injectedParentModel, request, this);
+            Model model = inheritanceAssembler.assembleModelInheritance(inputModel, parentModel, request, this);
 
             // model normalization
             model = modelNormalizer.mergeDuplicates(model, request, this);
 
             // profile activation
-            profileActivationContext.setProjectProperties(model.getProperties());
-
-            List<Profile> interpolatedProfiles =
-                    interpolateActivations(model.getProfiles(), profileActivationContext, this);
-
-            // profile injection
-            List<Profile> activePomProfiles = getActiveProfiles(interpolatedProfiles, profileActivationContext);
-            model = profileInjector.injectProfiles(model, activePomProfiles, request, this);
-            model = profileInjector.injectProfiles(model, activeExternalProfiles, request, this);
-
-            List<Profile> allProfiles = new ArrayList<>(parentActivePomProfiles.size() + activePomProfiles.size());
-            allProfiles.addAll(parentActivePomProfiles);
-            allProfiles.addAll(activePomProfiles);
-            result.setActivePomProfiles(allProfiles);
+            model = activateModel(model, parentModel.getProfiles(), true);
 
             // model interpolation
             Model resultModel = model;
@@ -1230,15 +1155,6 @@ private Model readEffectiveModel() throws ModelBuilderException {
             return resultModel;
         }
 
-        private List<Profile> getActiveProfiles(
-                Collection<Profile> interpolatedProfiles, DefaultProfileActivationContext profileActivationContext) {
-            if (request.getRequestType() != ModelBuilderRequest.RequestType.CONSUMER_POM) {
-                return profileSelector.getActiveProfiles(interpolatedProfiles, profileActivationContext, this);
-            } else {
-                return List.of();
-            }
-        }
-
         Model readFileModel() throws ModelBuilderException {
             Model model = cache(request.getSource(), FILE, this::doReadFileModel);
             // set the file model in the result outside the cache
@@ -1737,73 +1653,6 @@ private <T> T cache(String groupId, String artifactId, String version, String ta
         private <T> T cache(Source source, String tag, Supplier<T> supplier) {
             return cache.computeIfAbsent(source, tag, supplier);
         }
-
-        private List<Profile> interpolateActivations(
-                List<Profile> profiles, DefaultProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
-            if (profiles.stream()
-                    .map(org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile::getActivation)
-                    .noneMatch(Objects::nonNull)) {
-                return profiles;
-            }
-            Interpolator interpolator = request.getSession().getService(Interpolator.class);
-
-            class ProfileInterpolator extends MavenTransformer implements UnaryOperator<Profile> {
-                ProfileInterpolator() {
-                    super(s -> {
-                        try {
-                            Map<String, String> map1 = context.getUserProperties();
-                            Map<String, String> map2 = context.getSystemProperties();
-                            return interpolator.interpolate(s, Interpolator.chain(map1::get, map2::get));
-                        } catch (InterpolatorException e) {
-                            problems.add(Severity.ERROR, Version.BASE, e.getMessage(), e);
-                        }
-                        return s;
-                    });
-                }
-
-                @Override
-                public Profile apply(Profile p) {
-                    return Profile.newBuilder(p)
-                            .activation(transformActivation(p.getActivation()))
-                            .build();
-                }
-
-                @Override
-                protected ActivationFile.Builder transformActivationFile_Missing(
-                        Supplier<? extends ActivationFile.Builder> creator,
-                        ActivationFile.Builder builder,
-                        ActivationFile target) {
-                    String path = target.getMissing();
-                    String xformed = transformPath(path, target, "missing");
-                    return xformed != path ? (builder != null ? builder : creator.get()).missing(xformed) : builder;
-                }
-
-                @Override
-                protected ActivationFile.Builder transformActivationFile_Exists(
-                        Supplier<? extends ActivationFile.Builder> creator,
-                        ActivationFile.Builder builder,
-                        ActivationFile target) {
-                    final String path = target.getExists();
-                    final String xformed = transformPath(path, target, "exists");
-                    return xformed != path ? (builder != null ? builder : creator.get()).exists(xformed) : builder;
-                }
-
-                private String transformPath(String path, ActivationFile target, String locationKey) {
-                    try {
-                        return profileActivationFilePathInterpolator.interpolate(path, context);
-                    } catch (InterpolatorException e) {
-                        problems.add(
-                                Severity.ERROR,
-                                Version.BASE,
-                                "Failed to interpolate file location " + path + ": " + e.getMessage(),
-                                target.getLocation(locationKey),
-                                e);
-                    }
-                    return path;
-                }
-            }
-            return profiles.stream().map(new ProfileInterpolator()).toList();
-        }
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
@@ -1842,42 +1691,14 @@ static String getVersion(Model model) {
 
     private DefaultProfileActivationContext getProfileActivationContext(ModelBuilderRequest request, Model model) {
         DefaultProfileActivationContext context = new DefaultProfileActivationContext();
-
         context.setActiveProfileIds(request.getActiveProfileIds());
         context.setInactiveProfileIds(request.getInactiveProfileIds());
         context.setSystemProperties(request.getSystemProperties());
-        // enrich user properties with project packaging
-        Map<String, String> userProperties = new HashMap<>(request.getUserProperties());
-        if (!userProperties.containsKey(ProfileActivationContext.PROPERTY_NAME_PACKAGING)) {
-            userProperties.put(ProfileActivationContext.PROPERTY_NAME_PACKAGING, model.getPackaging());
-        }
-        context.setUserProperties(userProperties);
-        context.setProjectDirectory(model.getProjectDirectory());
-
+        context.setUserProperties(request.getUserProperties());
+        context.setModel(model);
         return context;
     }
 
-    private Map<String, Activation> getProfileActivations(Model model) {
-        return model.getProfiles().stream()
-                .filter(p -> p.getActivation() != null)
-                .collect(Collectors.toMap(Profile::getId, Profile::getActivation));
-    }
-
-    private Model injectProfileActivations(Model model, Map<String, Activation> activations) {
-        List<Profile> profiles = new ArrayList<>();
-        boolean modified = false;
-        for (Profile profile : model.getProfiles()) {
-            Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
-            if (activation != null) {
-                // restore activation
-                profile = profile.withActivation(activations.get(profile.getId()));
-                modified = true;
-            }
-            profiles.add(profile);
-        }
-        return modified ? model.withProfiles(profiles) : model;
-    }
-
     private Model interpolateModel(Model model, ModelBuilderRequest request, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
         Model interpolatedModel =
                 modelInterpolator.interpolateModel(model, model.getProjectDirectory(), request, problems);
@@ -1918,8 +1739,7 @@ private Model getSuperModel(String modelVersion) {
 
     private static org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency addExclusions(
             org.apache.maven.api.model.Dependency candidate, List<Exclusion> exclusions) {
-        return candidate.withExclusions(Stream.concat(candidate.getExclusions().stream(), exclusions.stream())
-                .toList());
+        return candidate.withExclusions(concat(candidate.getExclusions(), exclusions));
     }
 
     private boolean match(Exclusion exclusion, Dependency candidate) {
@@ -1938,5 +1758,15 @@ private boolean containsCoordinates(String message, String groupId, String artif
                 && (version == null || message.contains(version));
     }
 
+    private static <T> List<T> concat(Collection<T> l1, Collection<T> l2) {
+        return Stream.concat(l1.stream(), l2.stream()).toList();
+    }
+
+    private static <T> Set<T> concat(Set<T> a, T b) {
+        Set<T> result = new HashSet<>(a);
+        result.add(b);
+        return Set.copyOf(result);
+    }
+
     record GAKey(String groupId, String artifactId) {}
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelValidator.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelValidator.java
index 7dd0adf4c258..a6598c503901 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelValidator.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultModelValidator.java
@@ -282,6 +282,17 @@ protected ActivationProperty.Builder transformActivationProperty_Value(
                 stk.pop();
             }
         }
+
+        @Override
+        protected Activation.Builder transformActivation_Condition(
+                Supplier<? extends Activation.Builder> creator, Activation.Builder builder, Activation target) {
+            stk.push(nextFrame("condition"));
+            try {
+                return super.transformActivation_Condition(creator, builder, target);
+            } finally {
+                stk.pop();
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private final Set<String> validCoordinatesIds = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
@@ -470,6 +481,8 @@ public void validateFileModel(
                 }
             }
 
+            validateStringNoExpression("packaging", problems, Severity.WARNING, Version.V20, m.getPackaging(), m);
+
             validate20RawDependencies(
                     problems,
                     m.getDependencies(),
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileActivationContext.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileActivationContext.java
index 29fda5f4012e..4de28e031caa 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileActivationContext.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileActivationContext.java
@@ -18,13 +18,16 @@
  */
 package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model;
 
-import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Properties;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
 
 /**
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ public class DefaultProfileActivationContext implements ProfileActivationContext
 
     private Map<String, String> projectProperties = Collections.emptyMap();
 
-    private Path projectDirectory;
+    private Model model;
 
     @Override
     public List<String> getActiveProfileIds() {
@@ -138,20 +141,13 @@ public DefaultProfileActivationContext setUserProperties(Map<String, String> use
     }
 
     @Override
-    public Path getProjectDirectory() {
-        return projectDirectory;
+    public Model getModel() {
+        return model;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Sets the base directory of the current project.
-     *
-     * @param projectDirectory The base directory of the current project, may be {@code null} if profile activation
-     *                         happens in the context of metadata retrieval rather than project building.
-     * @return This context, never {@code null}.
-     */
-    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setProjectDirectory(Path projectDirectory) {
-        this.projectDirectory = projectDirectory;
-
+    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setModel(Model model) {
+        this.model = model;
+        this.projectProperties = unmodifiable(model.getProperties());
         return this;
     }
 
@@ -160,14 +156,12 @@ public Map<String, String> getProjectProperties() {
         return projectProperties;
     }
 
-    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setProjectProperties(Properties projectProperties) {
-        return setProjectProperties(toMap(projectProperties));
-    }
-
-    public DefaultProfileActivationContext setProjectProperties(Map<String, String> projectProperties) {
-        this.projectProperties = unmodifiable(projectProperties);
-
-        return this;
+    public void addProfileProperties(Collection<Profile> profiles) {
+        Map<String, String> props = new HashMap<>(this.projectProperties);
+        for (var profile : profiles) {
+            props.putAll(profile.getProperties());
+        }
+        this.projectProperties = unmodifiable(props);
     }
 
     private static List<String> unmodifiable(List<String> list) {
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileSelector.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileSelector.java
index 36dc4a9fcd06..c5dbe498aa4a 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileSelector.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/DefaultProfileSelector.java
@@ -22,77 +22,166 @@
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
 
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
 import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationFile;
 import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem.Severity;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.Interpolator;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.InterpolatorException;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem.Version;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
 import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileSelector;
+import org.apache.maven.model.v4.MavenTransformer;
 
 /**
  * Calculates the active profiles among a given collection of profiles.
- *
  */
 @Named
 @Singleton
 public class DefaultProfileSelector implements ProfileSelector {
 
+    private final Interpolator interpolator;
+    private final ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator profileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
     private final List<ProfileActivator> activators;
 
-    public DefaultProfileSelector() {
-        this.activators = new ArrayList<>();
+    public DefaultProfileSelector(
+            Interpolator interpolator, ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator profileActivationFilePathInterpolator) {
+        this(interpolator, profileActivationFilePathInterpolator, new ArrayList<>());
     }
 
     @Inject
-    public DefaultProfileSelector(List<ProfileActivator> activators) {
+    public DefaultProfileSelector(
+            Interpolator interpolator,
+            ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator profileActivationFilePathInterpolator,
+            List<ProfileActivator> activators) {
+        this.interpolator = interpolator;
+        this.profileActivationFilePathInterpolator = profileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
         this.activators = new ArrayList<>(activators);
     }
 
-    public DefaultProfileSelector addProfileActivator(ProfileActivator profileActivator) {
-        if (profileActivator != null) {
-            activators.add(profileActivator);
+    @Override
+    public List<Profile> getActiveProfiles(
+            Collection<Profile> orgProfiles,
+            ProfileActivationContext context,
+            ModelProblemCollector problems,
+            boolean cascade) {
+
+        if (cascade) {
+            return getActiveProfilesCascading(orgProfiles, context, problems);
+        } else {
+            return getActiveProfilesNonCascading(orgProfiles, context, problems);
         }
-        return this;
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public List<Profile> getActiveProfiles(
+    public List<Profile> getActiveProfilesNonCascading(
             Collection<Profile> profiles, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+
         Collection<String> activatedIds = new HashSet<>(context.getActiveProfileIds());
         Collection<String> deactivatedIds = new HashSet<>(context.getInactiveProfileIds());
 
-        List<Profile> activeProfiles = new ArrayList<>(profiles.size());
+        List<Profile> activeSettingsProfiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Profile> activePomProfiles = new ArrayList<>();
         List<Profile> activePomProfilesByDefault = new ArrayList<>();
-        boolean activatedPomProfileNotByDefault = false;
-
-        for (Profile profile : profiles) {
-            if (!deactivatedIds.contains(profile.getId())) {
-                if (activatedIds.contains(profile.getId()) || isActive(profile, context, problems)) {
-                    activeProfiles.add(profile);
-                    if (Profile.SOURCE_POM.equals(profile.getSource())) {
-                        activatedPomProfileNotByDefault = true;
-                    }
-                } else if (isActiveByDefault(profile)) {
-                    if (Profile.SOURCE_POM.equals(profile.getSource())) {
-                        activePomProfilesByDefault.add(profile);
-                    } else {
-                        activeProfiles.add(profile);
+
+        ProfileActivationInterpolator activationInterpolator = new ProfileActivationInterpolator(context, problems);
+        for (String source : List.of(Profile.SOURCE_SETTINGS, Profile.SOURCE_POM)) {
+            // Iterate over the profiles and check if a given profile is activated
+            List<Profile> activatedProfiles = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Profile profile : profiles) {
+                if (Objects.equals(source, profile.getSource())) {
+                    Profile iprofile = activationInterpolator.apply(profile);
+                    if (!deactivatedIds.contains(iprofile.getId())) {
+                        boolean activated = activatedIds.contains(iprofile.getId());
+                        boolean active = isActive(iprofile, context, problems);
+                        boolean activeByDefault = isActiveByDefault(iprofile);
+                        if (activated || active || activeByDefault) {
+                            if (Profile.SOURCE_POM.equals(profile.getSource())) {
+                                if (activated || active) {
+                                    activePomProfiles.add(profile);
+                                } else {
+                                    activePomProfilesByDefault.add(profile);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                activeSettingsProfiles.add(profile);
+                            }
+                            activatedProfiles.add(profile);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
+            context.addProfileProperties(activatedProfiles);
+        }
+
+        List<Profile> allActivated = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (activePomProfiles.isEmpty()) {
+            allActivated.addAll(activePomProfilesByDefault);
+        } else {
+            allActivated.addAll(activePomProfiles);
         }
+        allActivated.addAll(activeSettingsProfiles);
+
+        return allActivated;
+    }
+
+    public List<Profile> getActiveProfilesCascading(
+            Collection<Profile> orgProfiles, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+
+        Collection<String> activatedIds = new HashSet<>(context.getActiveProfileIds());
+        Collection<String> deactivatedIds = new HashSet<>(context.getInactiveProfileIds());
+
+        List<Profile> activeSettingsProfiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Profile> activePomProfiles = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Profile> activePomProfilesByDefault = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<Profile> profiles = new ArrayList<>(orgProfiles);
+        ProfileActivationInterpolator activationInterpolator = new ProfileActivationInterpolator(context, problems);
+        List<Profile> activatedProfiles;
+        do {
+            // Iterate over the profiles and check if a given profile is activated
+            activatedProfiles = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Profile profile : List.copyOf(profiles)) {
+                Profile iprofile = activationInterpolator.apply(profile);
+                if (!deactivatedIds.contains(iprofile.getId())) {
+                    boolean activated = activatedIds.contains(iprofile.getId());
+                    boolean active = isActive(iprofile, context, problems);
+                    boolean activeByDefault = isActiveByDefault(iprofile);
+                    if (activated || active || activeByDefault) {
+                        if (Profile.SOURCE_POM.equals(profile.getSource())) {
+                            if (activated || active) {
+                                activePomProfiles.add(profile);
+                            } else {
+                                activePomProfilesByDefault.add(profile);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            activeSettingsProfiles.add(profile);
+                        }
+                        profiles.remove(profile);
+                        activatedProfiles.add(profile);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            context.addProfileProperties(activatedProfiles);
+        } while (!activatedProfiles.isEmpty());
 
-        if (!activatedPomProfileNotByDefault) {
-            activeProfiles.addAll(activePomProfilesByDefault);
+        List<Profile> allActivated = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (activePomProfiles.isEmpty()) {
+            allActivated.addAll(activePomProfilesByDefault);
+        } else {
+            allActivated.addAll(activePomProfiles);
         }
+        allActivated.addAll(activeSettingsProfiles);
 
-        return activeProfiles;
+        return allActivated;
     }
 
     private boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
@@ -122,4 +211,73 @@ private boolean isActiveByDefault(Profile profile) {
         Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
         return activation != null && activation.isActiveByDefault();
     }
+
+    private class ProfileActivationInterpolator extends MavenTransformer implements UnaryOperator<Profile> {
+        private final ProfileActivationContext context;
+        private final ModelProblemCollector problems;
+
+        ProfileActivationInterpolator(ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+            super(s -> {
+                try {
+                    Map<String, String> map1 = context.getUserProperties();
+                    Map<String, String> map2 = context.getProjectProperties();
+                    Map<String, String> map3 = context.getSystemProperties();
+                    return interpolator.interpolate(s, Interpolator.chain(List.of(map1::get, map2::get, map3::get)));
+                } catch (InterpolatorException e) {
+                    problems.add(Severity.ERROR, Version.BASE, e.getMessage(), e);
+                }
+                return s;
+            });
+            this.context = context;
+            this.problems = problems;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Profile apply(Profile p) {
+            return Profile.newBuilder(p)
+                    .activation(transformActivation(p.getActivation()))
+                    .build();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected Activation.Builder transformActivation_Condition(
+                Supplier<? extends Activation.Builder> creator, Activation.Builder builder, Activation target) {
+            // do not interpolate the condition activation
+            return builder;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected ActivationFile.Builder transformActivationFile_Missing(
+                Supplier<? extends ActivationFile.Builder> creator,
+                ActivationFile.Builder builder,
+                ActivationFile target) {
+            String path = target.getMissing();
+            String xformed = transformPath(path, target, "missing");
+            return xformed != path ? (builder != null ? builder : creator.get()).missing(xformed) : builder;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected ActivationFile.Builder transformActivationFile_Exists(
+                Supplier<? extends ActivationFile.Builder> creator,
+                ActivationFile.Builder builder,
+                ActivationFile target) {
+            final String path = target.getExists();
+            final String xformed = transformPath(path, target, "exists");
+            return xformed != path ? (builder != null ? builder : creator.get()).exists(xformed) : builder;
+        }
+
+        private String transformPath(String path, ActivationFile target, String locationKey) {
+            try {
+                return profileActivationFilePathInterpolator.interpolate(path, context);
+            } catch (InterpolatorException e) {
+                problems.add(
+                        Severity.ERROR,
+                        Version.BASE,
+                        "Failed to interpolate file location " + path + ": " + e.getMessage(),
+                        target.getLocation(locationKey),
+                        e);
+            }
+            return path;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator.java
index 8c14be44e42b..bdea70347885 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator.java
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ public String interpolate(String path, ProfileActivationContext context) throws
             return null;
         }
 
-        Path basedir = context.getProjectDirectory();
+        Path basedir = context.getModel().getProjectDirectory();
 
         String absolutePath = interpolator.interpolate(path, s -> {
             if ("basedir".equals(s) || "project.basedir".equals(s)) {
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionFunctions.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionFunctions.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..82b4c4744cd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionFunctions.java
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.FileVisitResult;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.PathMatcher;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.nio.file.SimpleFileVisitor;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.BasicFileAttributes;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.VersionParser;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+
+import static org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile.ConditionParser.toInt;
+
+/**
+ * Provides a set of functions for evaluating profile activation conditions.
+ * These functions can be used in profile activation expressions to determine
+ * whether a profile should be activated based on various criteria.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+public class ConditionFunctions {
+    private final ProfileActivationContext context;
+    private final VersionParser versionParser;
+    private final ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator interpolator;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new ConditionFunctions instance.
+     *
+     * @param context The profile activation context
+     * @param versionParser The version parser for comparing versions
+     * @param interpolator The interpolator for resolving file paths
+     */
+    public ConditionFunctions(
+            ProfileActivationContext context,
+            VersionParser versionParser,
+            ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator interpolator) {
+        this.context = context;
+        this.versionParser = versionParser;
+        this.interpolator = interpolator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the length of the given string.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing a single string argument
+     * @return The length of the string
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly one
+     */
+    public Object length(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("length function requires exactly one argument");
+        }
+        String s = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        return s.length();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the given string to uppercase.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing a single string argument
+     * @return The uppercase version of the input string
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly one
+     */
+    public Object upper(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("upper function requires exactly one argument");
+        }
+        String s = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        return s.toUpperCase();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the given string to lowercase.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing a single string argument
+     * @return The lowercase version of the input string
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly one
+     */
+    public Object lower(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("lower function requires exactly one argument");
+        }
+        String s = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        return s.toLowerCase();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a substring of the given string.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing 2 or 3 arguments: the string, start index, and optionally end index
+     * @return The substring
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not 2 or 3
+     */
+    public Object substring(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() < 2 || args.size() > 3) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("substring function requires 2 or 3 arguments");
+        }
+        String s = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        int start = toInt(args.get(1));
+        int end = args.size() == 3 ? toInt(args.get(2)) : s.length();
+        return s.substring(start, end);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the index of a substring within a string.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing two strings: the main string and the substring to find
+     * @return The index of the substring, or -1 if not found
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly two
+     */
+    public Object indexOf(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("indexOf function requires exactly two arguments");
+        }
+        String s = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        String substring = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(1));
+        return s.indexOf(substring);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a string contains a given substring.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing two strings: the main string and the substring to check
+     * @return true if the main string contains the substring, false otherwise
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly two
+     */
+    public Object contains(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("contains function requires exactly two arguments");
+        }
+        String s = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        String substring = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(1));
+        return s.contains(substring);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a string matches a given regular expression.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing two strings: the string to check and the regex pattern
+     * @return true if the string matches the regex, false otherwise
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly two
+     */
+    public Object matches(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("matches function requires exactly two arguments");
+        }
+        String s = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        String regex = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(1));
+        return s.matches(regex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Negates a boolean value.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing a single boolean argument
+     * @return The negation of the input boolean
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly one
+     */
+    public Object not(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("not function requires exactly one argument");
+        }
+        return !ConditionParser.toBoolean(args.get(0));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Implements an if-then-else operation.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing three arguments: condition, value if true, value if false
+     * @return The second argument if the condition is true, the third argument otherwise
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly three
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("checkstyle:MethodName")
+    public Object if_(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 3) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("if function requires exactly three arguments");
+        }
+        boolean condition = ConditionParser.toBoolean(args.get(0));
+        return condition ? args.get(1) : args.get(2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a file or directory exists at the given path.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing a single string argument representing the path
+     * @return true if the file or directory exists, false otherwise
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly one
+     * @throws IOException if a problem occurs while walking the file system
+     */
+    public Object exists(List<Object> args) throws IOException {
+        if (args.size() != 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("exists function requires exactly one argument");
+        }
+        String path = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        return fileExists(path);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a file or directory is missing at the given path.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing a single string argument representing the path
+     * @return true if the file or directory does not exist, false otherwise
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly one
+     * @throws IOException if a problem occurs while walking the file system
+     */
+    public Object missing(List<Object> args) throws IOException {
+        if (args.size() != 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("missing function requires exactly one argument");
+        }
+        String path = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        return !fileExists(path);
+    }
+
+    private boolean fileExists(String path) throws IOException {
+        String pattern = interpolator.interpolate(path, context);
+        int asteriskIndex = pattern.indexOf('*');
+        int questionMarkIndex = pattern.indexOf('?');
+        int firstWildcardIndex = questionMarkIndex < 0
+                ? asteriskIndex
+                : asteriskIndex < 0 ? questionMarkIndex : Math.min(asteriskIndex, questionMarkIndex);
+        String fixed, glob;
+        if (firstWildcardIndex < 0) {
+            fixed = pattern;
+            glob = "";
+        } else {
+            int lastSep = pattern.substring(0, firstWildcardIndex).lastIndexOf(File.separatorChar);
+            if (lastSep < 0) {
+                fixed = "";
+                glob = pattern;
+            } else {
+                fixed = pattern.substring(0, lastSep);
+                glob = pattern.substring(lastSep + 1);
+            }
+        }
+        Path fixedPath = Paths.get(fixed);
+        if (!Files.exists(fixedPath)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!glob.isEmpty()) {
+            PathMatcher matcher = fixedPath.getFileSystem().getPathMatcher("glob:" + glob);
+            AtomicBoolean found = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+            Files.walkFileTree(fixedPath, new SimpleFileVisitor<>() {
+                @Override
+                public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) {
+                    if (found.get() || matcher.matches(fixedPath.relativize(file))) {
+                        found.set(true);
+                        return FileVisitResult.TERMINATE;
+                    }
+                    return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
+                }
+            });
+            return found.get();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a version is within a specified version range.
+     *
+     * @param args A list containing two strings: the version to check and the version range
+     * @return true if the version is within the range, false otherwise
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly two
+     */
+    public Object inrange(List<Object> args) {
+        if (args.size() != 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("inrange function requires exactly two arguments");
+        }
+        String version = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(0));
+        String range = ConditionParser.toString(args.get(1));
+        return versionParser.parseVersionRange(range).contains(versionParser.parseVersion(version));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionParser.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionParser.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a4ee2b628920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionParser.java
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * The {@code ConditionParser} class is responsible for parsing and evaluating expressions.
+ * It supports tokenizing the input expression and resolving custom functions passed in a map.
+ * This class implements a recursive descent parser to handle various operations including
+ * arithmetic, logical, and comparison operations, as well as function calls.
+ */
+public class ConditionParser {
+
+    /**
+     * A functional interface that represents an expression function to be applied
+     * to a list of arguments. Implementers can define custom functions.
+     */
+    public interface ExpressionFunction {
+        /**
+         * Applies the function to the given list of arguments.
+         *
+         * @param args the list of arguments passed to the function
+         * @return the result of applying the function
+         */
+        Object apply(List<Object> args);
+    }
+
+    private final Map<String, ExpressionFunction> functions; // Map to store functions by their names
+    private final Function<String, String> propertyResolver; // Property resolver
+    private List<String> tokens; // List of tokens derived from the expression
+    private int current; // Keeps track of the current token index
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new {@code ConditionParser} with the given function mappings.
+     *
+     * @param functions a map of function names to their corresponding {@code ExpressionFunction} implementations
+     * @param propertyResolver the property resolver
+     */
+    public ConditionParser(Map<String, ExpressionFunction> functions, Function<String, String> propertyResolver) {
+        this.functions = functions;
+        this.propertyResolver = propertyResolver;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the given expression and returns the result of the evaluation.
+     *
+     * @param expression the expression to be parsed
+     * @return the result of parsing and evaluating the expression
+     */
+    public Object parse(String expression) {
+        this.tokens = tokenize(expression);
+        this.current = 0;
+        return parseExpression();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tokenizes the input expression into a list of string tokens for further parsing.
+     * This method handles quoted strings, property aliases, and various operators.
+     *
+     * @param expression the expression to tokenize
+     * @return a list of tokens
+     */
+    private List<String> tokenize(String expression) {
+        List<String> tokens = new ArrayList<>();
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        char quoteType = 0;
+        boolean inPropertyReference = false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < expression.length(); i++) {
+            char c = expression.charAt(i);
+
+            if (quoteType != 0) {
+                if (c == quoteType) {
+                    quoteType = 0;
+                    sb.append(c);
+                    tokens.add(sb.toString());
+                    sb.setLength(0);
+                } else {
+                    sb.append(c);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (inPropertyReference) {
+                if (c == '}') {
+                    inPropertyReference = false;
+                    tokens.add("${" + sb + "}");
+                    sb.setLength(0);
+                } else {
+                    sb.append(c);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (c == '$' && i + 1 < expression.length() && expression.charAt(i + 1) == '{') {
+                if (!sb.isEmpty()) {
+                    tokens.add(sb.toString());
+                    sb.setLength(0);
+                }
+                inPropertyReference = true;
+                i++; // Skip the '{'
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (c == '"' || c == '\'') {
+                if (!sb.isEmpty()) {
+                    tokens.add(sb.toString());
+                    sb.setLength(0);
+                }
+                quoteType = c;
+                sb.append(c);
+            } else if (c == ' ' || c == '(' || c == ')' || c == ',' || c == '+' || c == '>' || c == '<' || c == '='
+                    || c == '!') {
+                if (!sb.isEmpty()) {
+                    tokens.add(sb.toString());
+                    sb.setLength(0);
+                }
+                if (c != ' ') {
+                    if ((c == '>' || c == '<' || c == '=' || c == '!')
+                            && i + 1 < expression.length()
+                            && expression.charAt(i + 1) == '=') {
+                        tokens.add(c + "=");
+                        i++; // Skip the next character
+                    } else {
+                        tokens.add(String.valueOf(c));
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                sb.append(c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (inPropertyReference) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unclosed property reference: ${");
+        }
+
+        if (!sb.isEmpty()) {
+            tokens.add(sb.toString());
+        }
+
+        return tokens;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses the next expression from the list of tokens.
+     *
+     * @return the parsed expression as an object
+     * @throws RuntimeException if there are unexpected tokens after the end of the expression
+     */
+    private Object parseExpression() {
+        Object result = parseLogicalOr();
+        if (current < tokens.size()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unexpected tokens after end of expression");
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses logical OR operations.
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing logical OR operations
+     */
+    private Object parseLogicalOr() {
+        Object left = parseLogicalAnd();
+        while (current < tokens.size() && tokens.get(current).equals("||")) {
+            current++;
+            Object right = parseLogicalAnd();
+            left = (boolean) left || (boolean) right;
+        }
+        return left;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses logical AND operations.
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing logical AND operations
+     */
+    private Object parseLogicalAnd() {
+        Object left = parseComparison();
+        while (current < tokens.size() && tokens.get(current).equals("&&")) {
+            current++;
+            Object right = parseComparison();
+            left = (boolean) left && (boolean) right;
+        }
+        return left;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses comparison operations.
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing comparison operations
+     */
+    private Object parseComparison() {
+        Object left = parseAddSubtract();
+        while (current < tokens.size()
+                && (tokens.get(current).equals(">")
+                        || tokens.get(current).equals("<")
+                        || tokens.get(current).equals(">=")
+                        || tokens.get(current).equals("<=")
+                        || tokens.get(current).equals("==")
+                        || tokens.get(current).equals("!="))) {
+            String operator = tokens.get(current);
+            current++;
+            Object right = parseAddSubtract();
+            left = compare(left, operator, right);
+        }
+        return left;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses addition and subtraction operations.
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing addition and subtraction operations
+     */
+    private Object parseAddSubtract() {
+        Object left = parseMultiplyDivide();
+        while (current < tokens.size()
+                && (tokens.get(current).equals("+") || tokens.get(current).equals("-"))) {
+            String operator = tokens.get(current);
+            current++;
+            Object right = parseMultiplyDivide();
+            if (operator.equals("+")) {
+                left = add(left, right);
+            } else {
+                left = subtract(left, right);
+            }
+        }
+        return left;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses multiplication and division operations.
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing multiplication and division operations
+     */
+    private Object parseMultiplyDivide() {
+        Object left = parseUnary();
+        while (current < tokens.size()
+                && (tokens.get(current).equals("*") || tokens.get(current).equals("/"))) {
+            String operator = tokens.get(current);
+            current++;
+            Object right = parseUnary();
+            if (operator.equals("*")) {
+                left = multiply(left, right);
+            } else {
+                left = divide(left, right);
+            }
+        }
+        return left;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses unary operations (negation).
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing unary operations
+     */
+    private Object parseUnary() {
+        if (current < tokens.size() && tokens.get(current).equals("-")) {
+            current++;
+            Object value = parseUnary();
+            return negate(value);
+        }
+        return parseTerm();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses individual terms (numbers, strings, booleans, parentheses, functions).
+     *
+     * @return the parsed term
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the expression ends unexpectedly or contains unknown tokens
+     */
+    private Object parseTerm() {
+        if (current >= tokens.size()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unexpected end of expression");
+        }
+
+        String token = tokens.get(current);
+        if (token.equals("(")) {
+            return parseParentheses();
+        } else if (functions.containsKey(token)) {
+            return parseFunction();
+        } else if ((token.startsWith("\"") && token.endsWith("\"")) || (token.startsWith("'") && token.endsWith("'"))) {
+            current++;
+            return token.length() > 1 ? token.substring(1, token.length() - 1) : "";
+        } else if (token.equalsIgnoreCase("true") || token.equalsIgnoreCase("false")) {
+            current++;
+            return Boolean.parseBoolean(token);
+        } else if (token.startsWith("${") && token.endsWith("}")) {
+            current++;
+            String propertyName = token.substring(2, token.length() - 1);
+            return propertyResolver.apply(propertyName);
+        } else {
+            try {
+                current++;
+                return Double.parseDouble(token);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                // If it's not a number, treat it as a variable or unknown function
+                return parseVariableOrUnknownFunction();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a token that could be either a variable or an unknown function.
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing a variable or unknown function
+     * @throws RuntimeException if an unknown function is encountered
+     */
+    private Object parseVariableOrUnknownFunction() {
+        current--; // Move back to the token we couldn't parse as a number
+        String name = tokens.get(current);
+        current++;
+
+        // Check if it's followed by an opening parenthesis, indicating a function call
+        if (current < tokens.size() && tokens.get(current).equals("(")) {
+            // It's a function call, parse it as such
+            List<Object> args = parseArgumentList();
+            if (functions.containsKey(name)) {
+                return functions.get(name).apply(args);
+            } else {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Unknown function: " + name);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // It's a variable
+            // Here you might want to handle variables differently
+            // For now, we'll throw an exception
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unknown variable: " + name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a list of arguments for a function call.
+     *
+     * @return a list of parsed arguments
+     * @throws RuntimeException if there's a mismatch in parentheses
+     */
+    private List<Object> parseArgumentList() {
+        List<Object> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        current++; // Skip the opening parenthesis
+        while (current < tokens.size() && !tokens.get(current).equals(")")) {
+            args.add(parseLogicalOr());
+            if (current < tokens.size() && tokens.get(current).equals(",")) {
+                current++;
+            }
+        }
+        if (current >= tokens.size() || !tokens.get(current).equals(")")) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Mismatched parentheses: missing closing parenthesis in function call");
+        }
+        current++; // Skip the closing parenthesis
+        return args;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a function call.
+     *
+     * @return the result of the function call
+     */
+    private Object parseFunction() {
+        String functionName = tokens.get(current);
+        current++;
+        List<Object> args = parseArgumentList();
+        return functions.get(functionName).apply(args);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses an expression within parentheses.
+     *
+     * @return the result of parsing the expression within parentheses
+     * @throws RuntimeException if there's a mismatch in parentheses
+     */
+    private Object parseParentheses() {
+        current++; // Skip the opening parenthesis
+        Object result = parseLogicalOr();
+        if (current >= tokens.size() || !tokens.get(current).equals(")")) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Mismatched parentheses: missing closing parenthesis");
+        }
+        current++; // Skip the closing parenthesis
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds two objects, handling string concatenation and numeric addition.
+     *
+     * @param left the left operand
+     * @param right the right operand
+     * @return the result of the addition
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the operands cannot be added
+     */
+    private static Object add(Object left, Object right) {
+        if (left instanceof String || right instanceof String) {
+            return toString(left) + toString(right);
+        } else if (left instanceof Number && right instanceof Number) {
+            return ((Number) left).doubleValue() + ((Number) right).doubleValue();
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot add " + left + " and " + right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Negates a numeric value.
+     *
+     * @param value the value to negate
+     * @return the negated value
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the value cannot be negated
+     */
+    private Object negate(Object value) {
+        if (value instanceof Number) {
+            return -((Number) value).doubleValue();
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Cannot negate non-numeric value: " + value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subtracts the right operand from the left operand.
+     *
+     * @param left the left operand
+     * @param right the right operand
+     * @return the result of the subtraction
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the operands cannot be subtracted
+     */
+    private static Object subtract(Object left, Object right) {
+        if (left instanceof Number && right instanceof Number) {
+            return ((Number) left).doubleValue() - ((Number) right).doubleValue();
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot subtract " + right + " from " + left);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies two numeric operands.
+     *
+     * @param left the left operand
+     * @param right the right operand
+     * @return the result of the multiplication
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the operands cannot be multiplied
+     */
+    private static Object multiply(Object left, Object right) {
+        if (left instanceof Number && right instanceof Number) {
+            return ((Number) left).doubleValue() * ((Number) right).doubleValue();
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot multiply " + left + " and " + right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Divides the left operand by the right operand.
+     *
+     * @param left the left operand (dividend)
+     * @param right the right operand (divisor)
+     * @return the result of the division
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the operands cannot be divided
+     * @throws ArithmeticException if attempting to divide by zero
+     */
+    private static Object divide(Object left, Object right) {
+        if (left instanceof Number && right instanceof Number) {
+            double divisor = ((Number) right).doubleValue();
+            if (divisor == 0) {
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero");
+            }
+            return ((Number) left).doubleValue() / divisor;
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot divide " + left + " by " + right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compares two objects based on the given operator.
+     * Supports comparison of numbers and strings, and equality checks for null values.
+     *
+     * @param left the left operand
+     * @param operator the comparison operator (">", "<", ">=", "<=", "==", or "!=")
+     * @param right the right operand
+     * @return the result of the comparison (a boolean value)
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if an unknown operator is provided
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the operands cannot be compared
+     */
+    private static Object compare(Object left, String operator, Object right) {
+        if (left == null && right == null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (left == null || right == null) {
+            if ("==".equals(operator)) {
+                return false;
+            } else if ("!=".equals(operator)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (left instanceof Number && right instanceof Number) {
+            double leftVal = ((Number) left).doubleValue();
+            double rightVal = ((Number) right).doubleValue();
+            return switch (operator) {
+                case ">" -> leftVal > rightVal;
+                case "<" -> leftVal < rightVal;
+                case ">=" -> leftVal >= rightVal;
+                case "<=" -> leftVal <= rightVal;
+                case "==" -> Math.abs(leftVal - rightVal) < 1e-9;
+                case "!=" -> Math.abs(leftVal - rightVal) >= 1e-9;
+                default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown operator: " + operator);
+            };
+        } else if (left instanceof String && right instanceof String) {
+            int comparison = ((String) left).compareTo((String) right);
+            return switch (operator) {
+                case ">" -> comparison > 0;
+                case "<" -> comparison < 0;
+                case ">=" -> comparison >= 0;
+                case "<=" -> comparison <= 0;
+                case "==" -> comparison == 0;
+                case "!=" -> comparison != 0;
+                default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown operator: " + operator);
+            };
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Cannot compare " + left + " and " + right + " with operator " + operator);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an object to a string representation.
+     * If the object is a {@code Double}, it formats it without any decimal places.
+     * Otherwise, it uses the {@code String.valueOf} method.
+     *
+     * @param value the object to convert to a string
+     * @return the string representation of the object
+     */
+    public static String toString(Object value) {
+        if (value instanceof Double || value instanceof Float) {
+            double doubleValue = ((Number) value).doubleValue();
+            if (doubleValue == Math.floor(doubleValue) && !Double.isInfinite(doubleValue)) {
+                return String.format("%.0f", doubleValue);
+            }
+        }
+        return String.valueOf(value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an object to a boolean value.
+     * If the object is:
+     * - a {@code Boolean}, returns its value directly.
+     * - a {@code String}, returns {@code true} if the string is non-blank.
+     * - a {@code Number}, returns {@code true} if its integer value is not zero.
+     * For other object types, returns {@code true} if the object is non-null.
+     *
+     * @param value the object to convert to a boolean
+     * @return the boolean representation of the object
+     */
+    public static Boolean toBoolean(Object value) {
+        if (value instanceof Boolean b) {
+            return b; // Returns the boolean value
+        } else if (value instanceof String s) {
+            return !s.isBlank(); // True if the string is not blank
+        } else if (value instanceof Number b) {
+            return b.intValue() != 0; // True if the number is not zero
+        } else {
+            return value != null; // True if the object is not null
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an object to a double value.
+     * If the object is:
+     * - a {@code Number}, returns its double value.
+     * - a {@code String}, tries to parse it as a double.
+     * - a {@code Boolean}, returns {@code 1.0} for {@code true}, {@code 0.0} for {@code false}.
+     * If the object cannot be converted, a {@code RuntimeException} is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param value the object to convert to a double
+     * @return the double representation of the object
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the object cannot be converted to a double
+     */
+    public static double toDouble(Object value) {
+        if (value instanceof Number) {
+            return ((Number) value).doubleValue(); // Converts number to double
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            try {
+                return Double.parseDouble((String) value); // Tries to parse string as double
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Cannot convert string to number: " + value);
+            }
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            return ((Boolean) value) ? 1.0 : 0.0; // True = 1.0, False = 0.0
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot convert to number: " + value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an object to an integer value.
+     * If the object is:
+     * - a {@code Number}, returns its integer value.
+     * - a {@code String}, tries to parse it as an integer, or as a double then converted to an integer.
+     * - a {@code Boolean}, returns {@code 1} for {@code true}, {@code 0} for {@code false}.
+     * If the object cannot be converted, a {@code RuntimeException} is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param value the object to convert to an integer
+     * @return the integer representation of the object
+     * @throws RuntimeException if the object cannot be converted to an integer
+     */
+    public static int toInt(Object value) {
+        if (value instanceof Number) {
+            return ((Number) value).intValue(); // Converts number to int
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            try {
+                return Integer.parseInt((String) value); // Tries to parse string as int
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                // If string is not an int, tries parsing as double and converting to int
+                try {
+                    return (int) Double.parseDouble((String) value);
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e2) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Cannot convert string to integer: " + value);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            return ((Boolean) value) ? 1 : 0; // True = 1, False = 0
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot convert to integer: " + value);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionProfileActivator.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionProfileActivator.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e998b5dd35f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionProfileActivator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Inject;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Named;
+import org.apache.maven.api.di.Singleton;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem.Severity;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem.Version;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.VersionParser;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.RootLocator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultInterpolator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+
+import static org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile.ConditionParser.toBoolean;
+
+/**
+ * This class is responsible for activating profiles based on conditions specified in the profile's activation section.
+ * It evaluates the condition expression and determines whether the profile should be active.
+ */
+@Named("condition")
+@Singleton
+public class ConditionProfileActivator implements ProfileActivator {
+
+    private final VersionParser versionParser;
+    private final ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator interpolator;
+    private final RootLocator rootLocator;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new ConditionProfileActivator with the necessary dependencies.
+     *
+     * @param versionParser The parser for handling version comparisons
+     * @param interpolator The interpolator for resolving file paths
+     * @param rootLocator The locator for finding the project root directory
+     */
+    @Inject
+    public ConditionProfileActivator(
+            VersionParser versionParser, ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator interpolator, RootLocator rootLocator) {
+        this.versionParser = versionParser;
+        this.interpolator = interpolator;
+        this.rootLocator = rootLocator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether a profile should be active based on its condition.
+     *
+     * @param profile The profile to evaluate
+     * @param context The context in which the profile is being evaluated
+     * @param problems A collector for any problems encountered during evaluation
+     * @return true if the profile should be active, false otherwise
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        if (profile.getActivation() == null || profile.getActivation().getCondition() == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        String condition = profile.getActivation().getCondition();
+        try {
+            Map<String, ConditionParser.ExpressionFunction> functions =
+                    registerFunctions(context, versionParser, interpolator);
+            Function<String, String> propertyResolver = s -> property(context, rootLocator, s);
+            return toBoolean(new ConditionParser(functions, propertyResolver).parse(condition));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            problems.add(
+                    Severity.ERROR, Version.V41, "Error parsing profile activation condition: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the condition is present in the profile's configuration.
+     *
+     * @param profile The profile to check
+     * @param context The context in which the profile is being evaluated
+     * @param problems A collector for any problems encountered during evaluation
+     * @return true if the condition is present and not blank, false otherwise
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, ModelProblemCollector problems) {
+        Activation activation = profile.getActivation();
+        if (activation == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return activation.getCondition() != null && !activation.getCondition().isBlank();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers the condition functions that can be used in profile activation expressions.
+     *
+     * @param context The profile activation context
+     * @param versionParser The parser for handling version comparisons
+     * @param interpolator The interpolator for resolving file paths
+     * @return A map of function names to their implementations
+     */
+    public static Map<String, ConditionParser.ExpressionFunction> registerFunctions(
+            ProfileActivationContext context,
+            VersionParser versionParser,
+            ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator interpolator) {
+        Map<String, ConditionParser.ExpressionFunction> functions = new HashMap<>();
+
+        ConditionFunctions conditionFunctions = new ConditionFunctions(context, versionParser, interpolator);
+
+        for (java.lang.reflect.Method method : ConditionFunctions.class.getDeclaredMethods()) {
+            String methodName = method.getName();
+            if (methodName.endsWith("_")) {
+                methodName = methodName.substring(0, methodName.length() - 1);
+            }
+            final String finalMethodName = methodName;
+
+            functions.put(finalMethodName, args -> {
+                try {
+                    return method.invoke(conditionFunctions, args);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    StringBuilder causeChain = new StringBuilder();
+                    Throwable cause = e;
+                    while (cause != null) {
+                        if (!causeChain.isEmpty()) {
+                            causeChain.append(" Caused by: ");
+                        }
+                        causeChain.append(cause.toString());
+                        cause = cause.getCause();
+                    }
+                    throw new RuntimeException(
+                            "Error invoking function '" + finalMethodName + "': " + e + ". Cause chain: " + causeChain,
+                            e);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        return functions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the value of a property from the project context.
+     * Special function used to support the <code>${property}</code> syntax.
+     *
+     * The profile activation is done twice: once on the file model (so the model
+     * which has just been read from the file) and once while computing the effective
+     * model (so the model which will be used to build the project). We do need
+     * those two activations to be consistent, so we need to restrict access to
+     * properties that cannot change between file and effective model.
+     *
+     * @param name The property name
+     * @return The value of the property, or null if not found
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of arguments is not exactly one
+     */
+    static String property(ProfileActivationContext context, RootLocator rootLocator, String name) {
+        String value = doGetProperty(context, rootLocator, name);
+        return new DefaultInterpolator().interpolate(value, s -> doGetProperty(context, rootLocator, s));
+    }
+
+    static String doGetProperty(ProfileActivationContext context, RootLocator rootLocator, String name) {
+        // Handle special project-related properties
+        if ("project.basedir".equals(name)) {
+            Path basedir = context.getModel().getProjectDirectory();
+            return basedir != null ? basedir.toFile().getAbsolutePath() : null;
+        }
+        if ("project.rootDirectory".equals(name)) {
+            Path basedir = context.getModel().getProjectDirectory();
+            if (basedir != null) {
+                Path root = rootLocator.findMandatoryRoot(basedir);
+                return root.toFile().getAbsolutePath();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+        if ("project.artifactId".equals(name)) {
+            return context.getModel().getArtifactId();
+        }
+        if ("project.packaging".equals(name)) {
+            return context.getModel().getPackaging();
+        }
+
+        // Check user properties
+        String v = context.getUserProperties().get(name);
+        if (v == null) {
+            // Check project properties
+            // TODO: this may leads to instability between file model activation and effective model activation
+            //       as the effective model properties may be different from the file model
+            v = context.getProjectProperties().get(name);
+        }
+        if (v == null) {
+            // Check system properties
+            v = context.getSystemProperties().get(name);
+        }
+        return v;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivator.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivator.java
index a30e6f35b150..1d03e26ae2e0 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivator.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivator.java
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ private boolean ensureAtLeastOneNonNull(ActivationOS os) {
     }
 
     private boolean determineVersionMatch(String expectedVersion, String actualVersion) {
-        String test = expectedVersion;
+        String test = expectedVersion.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
         boolean reverse = false;
         final boolean result;
         if (test.startsWith(REGEX_PREFIX)) {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ private boolean determineVersionMatch(String expectedVersion, String actualVersi
     }
 
     private boolean determineArchMatch(String expectedArch, String actualArch) {
-        String test = expectedArch;
+        String test = expectedArch.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
         boolean reverse = false;
 
         if (test.startsWith("!")) {
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ private boolean determineArchMatch(String expectedArch, String actualArch) {
         return reverse != result;
     }
 
-    private boolean determineNameMatch(String expectedName, String actualName) {
-        String test = expectedName;
+    private boolean determineNameMatch(String family, String actualName) {
+        String test = family.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
         boolean reverse = false;
 
         if (test.startsWith("!")) {
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PackagingProfileActivator.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PackagingProfileActivator.java
index 101faf2d75a1..65a508355d52 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PackagingProfileActivator.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PackagingProfileActivator.java
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public boolean presentInConfig(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context
     }
 
     private static boolean isPackaging(ProfileActivationContext context, String p) {
-        String packaging = context.getUserProperties().get(ProfileActivationContext.PROPERTY_NAME_PACKAGING);
+        String packaging = context.getModel().getPackaging();
         return Objects.equals(p, packaging);
     }
 
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivator.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivator.java
index a8eb0fc7cf16..4ec357d199c0 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivator.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/main/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivator.java
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ public boolean isActive(Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, Model
         }
 
         String sysValue = context.getUserProperties().get(name);
+        if (sysValue == null && "packaging".equals(name)) {
+            sysValue = context.getModel().getPackaging();
+        }
+        if (sysValue == null) {
+            sysValue = context.getProjectProperties().get(name);
+        }
         if (sysValue == null) {
             sysValue = context.getSystemProperties().get(name);
         }
diff --git a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/standalone/RepositorySystemSupplier.java b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/standalone/RepositorySystemSupplier.java
index 597cf9a76d45..026fc440a378 100644
--- a/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/standalone/RepositorySystemSupplier.java
+++ b/impl/maven-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/standalone/RepositorySystemSupplier.java
@@ -1052,14 +1052,15 @@ protected ModelBuilder createModelBuilder() {
                 new DefaultModelUrlNormalizer(new DefaultUrlNormalizer()),
                 new DefaultSuperPomProvider(modelProcessor),
                 new DefaultInheritanceAssembler(),
-                new DefaultProfileSelector(),
+                new DefaultProfileSelector(
+                        new DefaultInterpolator(),
+                        new ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(
+                                new DefaultPathTranslator(), new DefaultRootLocator(), new DefaultInterpolator())),
                 new DefaultProfileInjector(),
                 new DefaultPluginManagementInjector(),
                 new DefaultDependencyManagementInjector(),
                 new DefaultDependencyManagementImporter(),
                 new DefaultPluginConfigurationExpander(),
-                new ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(
-                        new DefaultPathTranslator(), new DefaultRootLocator(), new DefaultInterpolator()),
                 new DefaultModelVersionParser(getVersionScheme()),
                 List.of(),
                 new DefaultModelCacheFactory(),
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/AbstractProfileActivatorTest.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/AbstractProfileActivatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..acfdfa606b57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/AbstractProfileActivatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileActivationContext;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+/**
+ * Provides common services to test {@link ProfileActivator} implementations.
+ *
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractProfileActivatorTest<T extends ProfileActivator> {
+
+    protected T activator;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    abstract void setUp() throws Exception;
+
+    @AfterEach
+    void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        activator = null;
+    }
+
+    protected ProfileActivationContext newContext(final Properties userProperties, final Properties systemProperties) {
+        DefaultProfileActivationContext context = new DefaultProfileActivationContext();
+        return context.setUserProperties(userProperties)
+                .setSystemProperties(systemProperties)
+                .setModel(Model.newInstance());
+    }
+
+    protected void assertActivation(boolean active, Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context) {
+        SimpleProblemCollector problems = new SimpleProblemCollector();
+
+        boolean res = activator.isActive(profile, context, problems);
+        assertEquals(0, problems.getErrors().size(), problems.getErrors().toString());
+        assertEquals(0, problems.getWarnings().size(), problems.getWarnings().toString());
+        assertEquals(active, res);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionParserTest.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionParserTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b91460c63084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionParserTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultModelVersionParser;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultVersionParser;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultInterpolator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultPathTranslator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultRootLocator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile.ConditionParser.ExpressionFunction;
+import org.eclipse.aether.util.version.GenericVersionScheme;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class ConditionParserTest {
+    ConditionParser parser;
+    Map<String, ExpressionFunction> functions;
+    Function<String, String> propertyResolver;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        ProfileActivationContext context = createMockContext();
+        DefaultVersionParser versionParser =
+                new DefaultVersionParser(new DefaultModelVersionParser(new GenericVersionScheme()));
+        ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator interpolator = new ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(
+                new DefaultPathTranslator(), bd -> true, new DefaultInterpolator());
+        DefaultRootLocator rootLocator = new DefaultRootLocator();
+
+        functions = ConditionProfileActivator.registerFunctions(context, versionParser, interpolator);
+        propertyResolver = s -> ConditionProfileActivator.property(context, rootLocator, s);
+        parser = new ConditionParser(functions, propertyResolver);
+    }
+
+    private ProfileActivationContext createMockContext() {
+        DefaultProfileActivationContext context = new DefaultProfileActivationContext();
+        Properties systemProperties = new Properties();
+        systemProperties.setProperty("os.name", "windows");
+        systemProperties.setProperty("os.arch", "amd64");
+        systemProperties.setProperty("os.version", "10.0");
+        systemProperties.setProperty("java.version", "1.8.0_292");
+        context.setSystemProperties(systemProperties);
+        context.setModel(Model.newInstance());
+        return context;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testStringLiterals() {
+        assertEquals("Hello, World!", parser.parse("'Hello, World!'"));
+        assertEquals("Hello, World!", parser.parse("\"Hello, World!\""));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testStringConcatenation() {
+        assertEquals("HelloWorld", parser.parse("'Hello' + 'World'"));
+        assertEquals("Hello123", parser.parse("'Hello' + 123"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testLengthFunction() {
+        assertEquals(13, parser.parse("length('Hello, World!')"));
+        assertEquals(5, parser.parse("length(\"Hello\")"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testCaseConversionFunctions() {
+        assertEquals("HELLO", parser.parse("upper('hello')"));
+        assertEquals("world", parser.parse("lower('WORLD')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testConcatFunction() {
+        assertEquals("HelloWorld", parser.parse("'Hello' + 'World'"));
+        assertEquals("The answer is 42", parser.parse("'The answer is ' + 42"));
+        assertEquals("The answer is 42", parser.parse("'The answer is ' + 42.0"));
+        assertEquals("The answer is 42", parser.parse("'The answer is ' + 42.0f"));
+        assertEquals("Pi is approximately 3.14", parser.parse("'Pi is approximately ' + 3.14"));
+        assertEquals("Pi is approximately 3.14", parser.parse("'Pi is approximately ' + 3.14f"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToString() {
+        assertEquals("42", ConditionParser.toString(42));
+        assertEquals("42", ConditionParser.toString(42L));
+        assertEquals("42", ConditionParser.toString(42.0));
+        assertEquals("42", ConditionParser.toString(42.0f));
+        assertEquals("3.14", ConditionParser.toString(3.14));
+        assertEquals("3.14", ConditionParser.toString(3.14f));
+        assertEquals("true", ConditionParser.toString(true));
+        assertEquals("false", ConditionParser.toString(false));
+        assertEquals("hello", ConditionParser.toString("hello"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testSubstringFunction() {
+        assertEquals("World", parser.parse("substring('Hello, World!', 7, 12)"));
+        assertEquals("World!", parser.parse("substring('Hello, World!', 7)"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIndexOf() {
+        assertEquals(7, parser.parse("indexOf('Hello, World!', 'World')"));
+        assertEquals(-1, parser.parse("indexOf('Hello, World!', 'OpenAI')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testInRange() {
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("inrange('1.8.0_292', '[1.8,2.0)')"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("inrange('1.7.0', '[1.8,2.0)')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIfFunction() {
+        assertEquals("long", parser.parse("if(length('test') > 3, 'long', 'short')"));
+        assertEquals("short", parser.parse("if(length('hi') > 3, 'long', 'short')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testContainsFunction() {
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("contains('Hello, World!', 'World')"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("contains('Hello, World!', 'OpenAI')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testMatchesFunction() {
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("matches('test123', '\\w+')"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("matches('test123', '\\d+')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testComplexExpression() {
+        String expression = "if(contains(lower('HELLO WORLD'), 'hello'), upper('success') + '!', 'failure')";
+        assertEquals("SUCCESS!", parser.parse(expression));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testStringComparison() {
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("'abc' != 'cdf'"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("'abc' != 'abc'"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("'abc' == 'abc'"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("'abc' == 'cdf'"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testParenthesesMismatch() {
+        functions.put("property", args -> "foo");
+        functions.put("inrange", args -> false);
+        assertThrows(
+                RuntimeException.class,
+                () -> parser.parse(
+                        "property('os.name') == 'windows' && property('os.arch') != 'amd64') && inrange(property('os.version'), '[99,)')"),
+                "Should throw RuntimeException due to parentheses mismatch");
+
+        assertThrows(
+                RuntimeException.class,
+                () -> parser.parse(
+                        "(property('os.name') == 'windows' && property('os.arch') != 'amd64') && inrange(property('os.version'), '[99,)'"),
+                "Should throw RuntimeException due to parentheses mismatch");
+
+        // This should not throw an exception if parentheses are balanced and properties are handled correctly
+        assertDoesNotThrow(
+                () -> parser.parse(
+                        "(property('os.name') == 'windows' && property('os.arch') != 'amd64') && inrange(property('os.version'), '[99,)')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testBasicArithmetic() {
+        assertEquals(5.0, parser.parse("2 + 3"));
+        assertEquals(10.0, parser.parse("15 - 5"));
+        assertEquals(24.0, parser.parse("6 * 4"));
+        assertEquals(3.0, parser.parse("9 / 3"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testArithmeticPrecedence() {
+        assertEquals(14.0, parser.parse("2 + 3 * 4"));
+        assertEquals(20.0, parser.parse("(2 + 3) * 4"));
+        assertEquals(11.0, parser.parse("15 - 6 + 2"));
+        assertEquals(10.0, parser.parse("10 / 2 + 2 * 2.5"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFloatingPointArithmetic() {
+        assertEquals(5.5, parser.parse("2.2 + 3.3"));
+        assertEquals(0.1, (Double) parser.parse("3.3 - 3.2"), 1e-10);
+        assertEquals(6.25, parser.parse("2.5 * 2.5"));
+        assertEquals(2.5, parser.parse("5 / 2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testArithmeticComparisons() {
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("5 > 3"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("3 < 5"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("5 >= 5"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("3 <= 3"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("5 == 5"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("5 != 3"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("5 < 3"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("3 > 5"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("5 != 5"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testComplexArithmeticExpressions() {
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("(2 + 3 * 4) > (10 + 5)"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("(2 + 3 * 4) < (10 + 5)"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("(10 / 2 + 3) == 8"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("(10 / 2 + 3) != 9"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testArithmeticFunctions() {
+        assertEquals(5.0, parser.parse("2 + 3"));
+        assertEquals(2.0, parser.parse("5 - 3"));
+        assertEquals(15.0, parser.parse("3 * 5"));
+        assertEquals(2.5, parser.parse("5 / 2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testCombinedArithmeticAndLogic() {
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("(5 > 3) && (10 / 2 == 5)"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("(5 < 3) || (10 / 2 != 5)"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("2 + 3 == 1 * 5"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testDivisionByZero() {
+        assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () -> parser.parse("5 / 0"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropertyAlias() {
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("${os.name} == 'windows'"));
+        assertFalse((Boolean) parser.parse("${os.name} == 'linux'"));
+        assertTrue((Boolean) parser.parse("${os.arch} == 'amd64' && ${os.name} == 'windows'"));
+        assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> parser.parse("${unclosed"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNestedPropertyAlias() {
+        functions.put("property", args -> {
+            if (args.get(0).equals("project.rootDirectory")) return "/home/user/project";
+            return null;
+        });
+        functions.put("exists", args -> true); // Mock implementation
+
+        Object result = parser.parse("exists('${project.rootDirectory}/someFile.txt')");
+        assertTrue((Boolean) result);
+
+        result = parser.parse("exists('${project.rootDirectory}/${nested.property}/someFile.txt')");
+        assertTrue((Boolean) result);
+
+        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> parser.parse("property('')"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testToInt() {
+        assertEquals(123, ConditionParser.toInt(123));
+        assertEquals(123, ConditionParser.toInt(123L));
+        assertEquals(123, ConditionParser.toInt(123.0));
+        assertEquals(123, ConditionParser.toInt(123.5)); // This will truncate the decimal part
+        assertEquals(123, ConditionParser.toInt("123"));
+        assertEquals(123, ConditionParser.toInt("123.0"));
+        assertEquals(123, ConditionParser.toInt("123.5")); // This will truncate the decimal part
+        assertEquals(1, ConditionParser.toInt(true));
+        assertEquals(0, ConditionParser.toInt(false));
+
+        assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> ConditionParser.toInt("not a number"));
+        assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> ConditionParser.toInt(new Object()));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionProfileActivatorTest.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionProfileActivatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c549480d48d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/ConditionProfileActivatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationFile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.RootLocator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultModelVersionParser;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.DefaultVersionParser;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultInterpolator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultPathTranslator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultRootLocator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+import org.eclipse.aether.util.version.GenericVersionScheme;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.io.TempDir;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+public class ConditionProfileActivatorTest extends AbstractProfileActivatorTest<ConditionProfileActivator> {
+
+    @TempDir
+    Path tempDir;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    @Override
+    void setUp() throws Exception {
+        activator = new ConditionProfileActivator(
+                new DefaultVersionParser(new DefaultModelVersionParser(new GenericVersionScheme())),
+                new ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(
+                        new DefaultPathTranslator(), bd -> true, new DefaultInterpolator()),
+                new DefaultRootLocator());
+
+        Path file = tempDir.resolve("file.txt");
+        Files.createFile(file);
+
+        Path dir = tempDir.resolve("dir");
+        Files.createDirectory(dir);
+        Files.createFile(dir.resolve("test.xsd"));
+    }
+
+    private Profile newProfile(String condition) {
+        Activation a = Activation.newBuilder().condition(condition).build();
+        Profile p = Profile.newBuilder().activation(a).build();
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    private Properties newJdkProperties(String javaVersion) {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.setProperty("java.version", javaVersion);
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNullSafe() throws Exception {
+        Profile p = Profile.newInstance();
+
+        assertActivation(false, p, newContext(null, null));
+
+        p = p.withActivation(Activation.newInstance());
+
+        assertActivation(false, p, newContext(null, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testJdkPrefix() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("inrange(${java.version}, '[1.4,1.5)')");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testJdkPrefixNegated() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("not(inrange(${java.version}, '[1.4,1.5)'))");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testJdkVersionRangeInclusiveBounds() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("inrange(${java.version}, '[1.5,1.6.1]')");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0_09-b03")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testJdkVersionRangeExclusiveBounds() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("inrange(${java.version}, '[1.3.1,1.6)')");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3.0")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3.0_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3.1")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3.1_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.3.1_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testJdkVersionRangeInclusiveLowerBound() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("inrange(${java.version}, '[1.5,)')");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0_09-b03")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testJdkVersionRangeExclusiveUpperBound() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("inrange(${java.version}, '(,1.6)')");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.6.0_09-b03")));
+    }
+
+    @Disabled
+    @Test
+    void testJdkRubbishJavaVersion() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("inrange(${java.version}, '[1.8,)')");
+
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("Pūteketeke")), "invalid JDK version");
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("rubbish")), "invalid JDK version");
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.a.0_09")), "invalid JDK version");
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newJdkProperties("1.a.2.b")), "invalid JDK version");
+    }
+
+    private void assertActivationWithProblems(
+            Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, String warningContains) {
+        SimpleProblemCollector problems = new SimpleProblemCollector();
+
+        assertFalse(activator.isActive(profile, context, problems));
+
+        assertEquals(0, problems.getErrors().size(), problems.getErrors().toString());
+        assertEquals(1, problems.getWarnings().size(), problems.getWarnings().toString());
+        assertTrue(
+                problems.getWarnings().get(0).contains(warningContains),
+                problems.getWarnings().toString());
+    }
+
+    private Properties newOsProperties(String osName, String osVersion, String osArch) {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.setProperty("os.name", osName);
+        props.setProperty("os.version", osVersion);
+        props.setProperty("os.arch", osArch);
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsVersionStringComparison() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("inrange(${os.version}, '[6.5.0-1014-aws,6.6)')");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "3.1.0", "amd64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsVersionRegexMatching() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("matches(${os.version}, '.*aws')");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "3.1.0", "amd64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsName() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${os.name} == 'windows'");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsNegatedName() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${os.name} != 'windows'");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsArch() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${os.arch} == 'amd64'");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsNegatedArch() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${os.arch} != 'amd64'");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    /*
+    @Test
+    void testOsFamily() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().family("windows"));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsNegatedFamily() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().family("!windows"));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+     */
+
+    @Test
+    void testOsAllConditions() {
+        Profile profile =
+                newProfile("${os.name} == 'windows' && ${os.arch} != 'amd64' && inrange(${os.version}, '[99,)')");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "1", "aarch64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "99", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "99", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOsCapitalName() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("lower(${os.name}) == 'mac os x'");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "1", "aarch64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("windows", "99", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newOsProperties("Mac OS X", "14.5", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    private Properties newPropProperties(String key, String value) {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.setProperty(key, value);
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithNameOnly_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${prop}");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", ""), null));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("other", "value"), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithNameOnly_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${prop}");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "value")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("other", "value")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithNegatedNameOnly_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("not(${prop})");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", ""), null));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("other", "value"), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithNegatedNameOnly_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("not(${prop})");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "value")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("other", "value")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithValue_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${prop} == 'value'");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", "other"), null));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", ""), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithValue_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${prop} == 'value'");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "value")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "other")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("other", "")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithNegatedValue_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${prop} != 'value'");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", "other"), null));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newPropProperties("prop", ""), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithNegatedValue_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${prop} != 'value'");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "value")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("prop", "other")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newPropProperties("other", "")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPropWithValue_UserPropertyDominantOverSystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("${prop} == 'value'");
+
+        Properties props1 = newPropProperties("prop", "value");
+        Properties props2 = newPropProperties("prop", "other");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(props1, props2));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(props2, props1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Disabled
+    void testFileRootDirectoryWithNull() {
+        IllegalStateException e = assertThrows(
+                IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> assertActivation(false, newProfile("exists('${project.rootDirectory}')"), newFileContext(null)));
+        assertEquals(RootLocator.UNABLE_TO_FIND_ROOT_PROJECT_MESSAGE, e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFileRootDirectory() {
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("exists('${project.rootDirectory}/someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("missing('${project.rootDirectory}/someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('${project.rootDirectory}')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('${project.rootDirectory}/file.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("missing('${project.rootDirectory}')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("missing('${project.rootDirectory}/file.txt')"), newFileContext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Disabled
+    void testFileWilcards() {
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('${project.rootDirectory}/**/*.xsd')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('${project.basedir}/**/*.xsd')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('${project.basedir}/**/*.xsd')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('**/*.xsd')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("missing('**/*.xml')"), newFileContext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFileIsActiveNoFileWithShortBasedir() {
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile(null), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("exists('someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("exists('${basedir}/someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile(null), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("missing('someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("missing('${basedir}/someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFileIsActiveNoFile() {
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile(null), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("exists('someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("exists('${project.basedir}/someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile(null), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("missing('someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("missing('${project.basedir}/someFile.txt')"), newFileContext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFileIsActiveExistsFileExists() {
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('file.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('${project.basedir}')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(true, newProfile("exists('${project.basedir}/file.txt')"), newFileContext());
+
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("missing('file.txt')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("missing('${project.basedir}')"), newFileContext());
+        assertActivation(false, newProfile("missing('${project.basedir}/file.txt')"), newFileContext());
+    }
+
+    private Profile newExistsProfile(String filePath) {
+        ActivationFile activationFile =
+                ActivationFile.newBuilder().exists(filePath).build();
+        return newProfile(activationFile);
+    }
+
+    private Profile newMissingProfile(String filePath) {
+        ActivationFile activationFile =
+                ActivationFile.newBuilder().missing(filePath).build();
+        return newProfile(activationFile);
+    }
+
+    private Profile newProfile(ActivationFile activationFile) {
+        Activation activation = Activation.newBuilder().file(activationFile).build();
+        return Profile.newBuilder().activation(activation).build();
+    }
+
+    protected ProfileActivationContext newFileContext(Path path) {
+        DefaultProfileActivationContext context = new DefaultProfileActivationContext();
+        context.setModel(Model.newBuilder().pomFile(path.resolve("pom.xml")).build());
+        return context;
+    }
+
+    protected ProfileActivationContext newFileContext() {
+        return newFileContext(tempDir);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/FileProfileActivatorTest.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/FileProfileActivatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b758607ed3ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/FileProfileActivatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationFile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.RootLocator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultInterpolator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultPathTranslator;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultProfileActivationContext;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.io.TempDir;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+/**
+ * Tests {@link FileProfileActivator}.
+ *
+ */
+class FileProfileActivatorTest extends AbstractProfileActivatorTest<FileProfileActivator> {
+
+    @TempDir
+    Path tempDir;
+
+    private final DefaultProfileActivationContext context = new DefaultProfileActivationContext();
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    @Override
+    void setUp() throws Exception {
+        activator = new FileProfileActivator(new ProfileActivationFilePathInterpolator(
+                new DefaultPathTranslator(), bd -> true, new DefaultInterpolator()));
+
+        context.setModel(Model.newBuilder().pomFile(tempDir.resolve("pom.xml")).build());
+
+        File file = new File(tempDir.resolve("file.txt").toString());
+        if (!file.createNewFile()) {
+            throw new IOException("Can't create " + file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRootDirectoryWithNull() {
+        context.setModel(Model.newInstance());
+
+        IllegalStateException e = assertThrows(
+                IllegalStateException.class,
+                () -> assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile("${project.rootDirectory}"), context));
+        assertEquals(RootLocator.UNABLE_TO_FIND_ROOT_PROJECT_MESSAGE, e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRootDirectory() {
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile("${project.rootDirectory}/someFile.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newMissingProfile("${project.rootDirectory}/someFile.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newExistsProfile("${project.rootDirectory}"), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newExistsProfile("${project.rootDirectory}/" + "file.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile("${project.rootDirectory}"), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile("${project.rootDirectory}/" + "file.txt"), context);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIsActiveNoFileWithShortBasedir() {
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile(null), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile("someFile.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile("${basedir}/someFile.txt"), context);
+
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile(null), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newMissingProfile("someFile.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newMissingProfile("${basedir}/someFile.txt"), context);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIsActiveNoFile() {
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile(null), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile("someFile.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newExistsProfile("${project.basedir}/someFile.txt"), context);
+
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile(null), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newMissingProfile("someFile.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newMissingProfile("${project.basedir}/someFile.txt"), context);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIsActiveExistsFileExists() {
+        assertActivation(true, newExistsProfile("file.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newExistsProfile("${project.basedir}"), context);
+        assertActivation(true, newExistsProfile("${project.basedir}/" + "file.txt"), context);
+
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile("file.txt"), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile("${project.basedir}"), context);
+        assertActivation(false, newMissingProfile("${project.basedir}/" + "file.txt"), context);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIsActiveExistsLeavesFileUnchanged() {
+        Profile profile = newExistsProfile("file.txt");
+        assertEquals("file.txt", profile.getActivation().getFile().getExists());
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, context);
+
+        assertEquals("file.txt", profile.getActivation().getFile().getExists());
+    }
+
+    private Profile newExistsProfile(String filePath) {
+        ActivationFile activationFile =
+                ActivationFile.newBuilder().exists(filePath).build();
+        return newProfile(activationFile);
+    }
+
+    private Profile newMissingProfile(String filePath) {
+        ActivationFile activationFile =
+                ActivationFile.newBuilder().missing(filePath).build();
+        return newProfile(activationFile);
+    }
+
+    private Profile newProfile(ActivationFile activationFile) {
+        Activation activation = Activation.newBuilder().file(activationFile).build();
+        return Profile.newBuilder().activation(activation).build();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/JdkVersionProfileActivatorTest.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/JdkVersionProfileActivatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1bee37f5e667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/JdkVersionProfileActivatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.model.ProfileActivationContext;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * Tests {@link JdkVersionProfileActivator}.
+ *
+ */
+class JdkVersionProfileActivatorTest extends AbstractProfileActivatorTest<JdkVersionProfileActivator> {
+
+    @Override
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() throws Exception {
+        activator = new JdkVersionProfileActivator();
+    }
+
+    private Profile newProfile(String jdkVersion) {
+        Activation a = Activation.newBuilder().jdk(jdkVersion).build();
+
+        Profile p = Profile.newBuilder().activation(a).build();
+
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    private Properties newProperties(String javaVersion) {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.setProperty("java.version", javaVersion);
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNullSafe() throws Exception {
+        Profile p = Profile.newInstance();
+
+        assertActivation(false, p, newContext(null, null));
+
+        p = p.withActivation(Activation.newInstance());
+
+        assertActivation(false, p, newContext(null, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPrefix() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("1.4");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testPrefixNegated() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("!1.4");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testVersionRangeInclusiveBounds() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("[1.5,1.6]");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0_09-b03")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testVersionRangeExclusiveBounds() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("(1.3,1.6)");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3.0")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3.0_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3.1")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3.1_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.3.1_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testVersionRangeInclusiveLowerBound() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("[1.5,)");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.4.2_09-b03")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0_09-b03")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testVersionRangeExclusiveUpperBound() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("(,1.6)");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.0_09-b03")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.5.1")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0_09")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.6.0_09-b03")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRubbishJavaVersion() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("[1.8,)");
+
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newProperties("Pūteketeke")), "invalid JDK version");
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newProperties("rubbish")), "invalid JDK version");
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.a.0_09")), "invalid JDK version");
+        assertActivationWithProblems(profile, newContext(null, newProperties("1.a.2.b")), "invalid JDK version");
+    }
+
+    private void assertActivationWithProblems(
+            Profile profile, ProfileActivationContext context, String warningContains) {
+        SimpleProblemCollector problems = new SimpleProblemCollector();
+
+        assertFalse(activator.isActive(profile, context, problems));
+
+        assertEquals(0, problems.getErrors().size());
+        assertEquals(1, problems.getWarnings().size());
+        assertTrue(problems.getWarnings().get(0).contains(warningContains));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivatorTest.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..486a9472706b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/OperatingSystemProfileActivatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationOS;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests {@link OperatingSystemProfileActivator}.
+ *
+ */
+class OperatingSystemProfileActivatorTest extends AbstractProfileActivatorTest<OperatingSystemProfileActivator> {
+
+    @Override
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() throws Exception {
+        activator = new OperatingSystemProfileActivator();
+    }
+
+    private Profile newProfile(ActivationOS.Builder activationBuilder) {
+        Activation a = Activation.newBuilder().os(activationBuilder.build()).build();
+
+        Profile p = Profile.newBuilder().activation(a).build();
+
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    private Properties newProperties(String osName, String osVersion, String osArch) {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.setProperty("os.name", osName);
+        props.setProperty("os.version", osVersion);
+        props.setProperty("os.arch", osArch);
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testVersionStringComparison() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().version("6.5.0-1014-aws"));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "3.1.0", "amd64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testVersionRegexMatching() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().version("regex:.*aws"));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "3.1.0", "amd64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testName() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().name("windows"));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNegatedName() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().name("!windows"));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testArch() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().arch("amd64"));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNegatedArch() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().arch("!amd64"));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testFamily() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().family("windows"));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNegatedFamily() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder().family("!windows"));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testAllOsConditions() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder()
+                .family("windows")
+                .name("windows")
+                .arch("aarch64")
+                .version("99"));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "1", "aarch64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "99", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "99", "aarch64")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCapitalOsName() {
+        Profile profile = newProfile(ActivationOS.newBuilder()
+                .family("Mac")
+                .name("Mac OS X")
+                .arch("aarch64")
+                .version("14.5"));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("linux", "6.5.0-1014-aws", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "1", "aarch64")));
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("windows", "99", "amd64")));
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("Mac OS X", "14.5", "aarch64")));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivatorTest.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bdeffff13d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/PropertyProfileActivatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Activation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.ActivationProperty;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Profile;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests {@link PropertyProfileActivator}.
+ *
+ */
+class PropertyProfileActivatorTest extends AbstractProfileActivatorTest<PropertyProfileActivator> {
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    @Override
+    void setUp() throws Exception {
+        activator = new PropertyProfileActivator();
+    }
+
+    private Profile newProfile(String key, String value) {
+        ActivationProperty ap =
+                ActivationProperty.newBuilder().name(key).value(value).build();
+
+        Activation a = Activation.newBuilder().property(ap).build();
+
+        Profile p = Profile.newBuilder().activation(a).build();
+
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    private Properties newProperties(String key, String value) {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.setProperty(key, value);
+        return props;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNullSafe() throws Exception {
+        Profile p = Profile.newInstance();
+
+        assertActivation(false, p, newContext(null, null));
+
+        p = p.withActivation(Activation.newInstance());
+
+        assertActivation(false, p, newContext(null, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithNameOnly_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("prop", null);
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", ""), null));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newProperties("other", "value"), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithNameOnly_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("prop", null);
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "value")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("other", "value")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithNegatedNameOnly_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("!prop", null);
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", ""), null));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newProperties("other", "value"), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithNegatedNameOnly_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("!prop", null);
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "value")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("other", "value")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithValue_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("prop", "value");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", "other"), null));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", ""), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithValue_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("prop", "value");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "value")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "other")));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("other", "")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithNegatedValue_UserProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("prop", "!value");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", "value"), null));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", "other"), null));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(newProperties("prop", ""), null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithNegatedValue_SystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("prop", "!value");
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "value")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("prop", "other")));
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(null, newProperties("other", "")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testWithValue_UserPropertyDominantOverSystemProperty() throws Exception {
+        Profile profile = newProfile("prop", "value");
+
+        Properties props1 = newProperties("prop", "value");
+        Properties props2 = newProperties("prop", "other");
+
+        assertActivation(true, profile, newContext(props1, props2));
+
+        assertActivation(false, profile, newContext(props2, props1));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/SimpleProblemCollector.java b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/SimpleProblemCollector.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ecf45df50ccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maven-api-impl/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/internal/impl/model/profile/SimpleProblemCollector.java
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.profile;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.InputLocation;
+import org.apache.maven.api.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.BuilderProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelBuilderException;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblem;
+import org.apache.maven.api.services.ModelProblemCollector;
+import org.apache.maven.internal.impl.model.DefaultModelProblem;
+
+/**
+ * A simple model problem collector for testing the model building components.
+ */
+public class SimpleProblemCollector implements ModelProblemCollector {
+
+    final List<ModelProblem> problems = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ModelProblem> getProblems() {
+        return problems;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasErrors() {
+        return problems.stream()
+                .anyMatch(p -> p.getSeverity() == ModelProblem.Severity.FATAL
+                        || p.getSeverity() == ModelProblem.Severity.ERROR);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasFatalErrors() {
+        return problems.stream().anyMatch(p -> p.getSeverity() == ModelProblem.Severity.FATAL);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(
+            BuilderProblem.Severity severity,
+            ModelProblem.Version version,
+            String message,
+            InputLocation location,
+            Exception exception) {
+        add(new DefaultModelProblem(
+                message,
+                severity,
+                version,
+                null,
+                location != null ? location.getLineNumber() : -1,
+                location != null ? location.getColumnNumber() : -1,
+                exception));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(ModelProblem problem) {
+        this.problems.add(problem);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ModelBuilderException newModelBuilderException() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setSource(String location) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setSource(Model model) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getSource() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setRootModel(Model model) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Model getRootModel() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getErrors() {
+        return problems.stream()
+                .filter(p -> p.getSeverity() == ModelProblem.Severity.ERROR)
+                .map(p -> p.getMessage())
+                .toList();
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getWarnings() {
+        return problems.stream()
+                .filter(p -> p.getSeverity() == ModelProblem.Severity.WARNING)
+                .map(p -> p.getMessage())
+                .toList();
+    }
+}