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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="mé féin">
<title>the irregular declination of nouns</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1 class="red">Caibidil a hAon: The Noun (an tAinmfhocal)</h1>
<h2 id="Anfang"><i><span class="red">the irregular declination
(an Díochlaonadh Neamhrialta)</span></i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
Many nouns are <i>irregular</i>- with respect to their plurals (e.g. <i>duine
- daoine</i>, 4th declination) <br>
Nouns are divided into declinations rather according to the <a href="subst2.htm#Genitiv">genitive</a>,
for this is much more regular, and only very few, albeit common, nouns are resistant
to a typification.
<p>Of those, these are probably the most common: <br>
<table border width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr bgcolor="#FFCCCC">
<td><b>Nom. Sing.</b></td>
<td><b>m/f</b></td>
<td><b>Gen. Sing.</b></td>
<td><b>Dat. Sing.</b></td>
<td><b>Nom. Plur.</b></td>
<td><b>Gen. Plur.</b></td>
<td><b>translation</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an bhean <sup>1</sup></td>
<td>f</td>
<td>na mná</td>
<td>don mhnaoi, bhean</td>
<td>na mná</td>
<td>na mban</td>
<td>woman</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an deirfiúr</td>
<td>f</td>
<td>na deirféar</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>na deirfiúracha </td>
<td>na ndeirfiúracha</td>
<td>sister (fam.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an tsiúr <sup>2</sup></td>
<td>f</td>
<td>na siúrach</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>na siúracha</td>
<td>na siúracha</td>
<td>sister (nun)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dia, an dia</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>Dé, an dé</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>na déithe</td>
<td>na ndéithe</td>
<td>God</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an lá</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>an lae</td>
<td>don ló, lá</td>
<td>na laethanta</td>
<td>na laethanta</td>
<td>day</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an leaba <sup>3</sup></td>
<td>f</td>
<td>na leapa</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>na leapacha</td>
<td>na leapacha</td>
<td>bed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an mhí</td>
<td>f</td>
<td>na míosa</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>na míonna</td>
<td>na míonna</td>
<td>month</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an olann <sup>4</sup></td>
<td>f</td>
<td>na holla</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>na holanna</td>
<td>na n-olann</td>
<td>wool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>an talamh <sup>5</sup></td>
<td>f</td>
<td>na talún</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>na tailte</td>
<td>na dtailte</td>
<td>land</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ó/Ua <sup>6</sup></td>
<td>m</td>
<td>Uí</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Uí</td>
<td>Ua/Ó</td>
<td>grandchild, descendent</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b><sup>1</sup></b>: The dative plural is/was <i>mnáibh</i> <br>
<b><sup>2</sup></b>: <i>siúr</i> is mostly 5th declination, except the
-r is broad in the nominative<br>
<b><sup>3</sup></b>: <i>leaba</i> is actually a verbal noun (<i>leabadh</i>).
This places it in the verbal noun class. Genitive: <i>leabtha > leapa</i>
(-bth- is pronounced[p] ) <br>
<b><sup>4</sup></b>: <i>Olann</i> is a regular word of the 3rd declination.
The genitive <i>olla</i> is produced via <a href="palat.htm#synkope">syncopation</a>
(the omission of a in <i>olann</i>) + suffix -a of the 3rd declination (following
the old spelling, <i>olna</i>, today in the new standard <i>olla</i> both spoken
and written, since ln > ll) <br>
<b><sup>5</sup></b>: the genitive <i>talún</i> is actually also regular
(5th declination), its earlier form was <i>talmhan</i> (dative: <i>talmhain</i>).
<br>
The variant <i>talamh (masc) - talaimh - tailte</i> is regular (1st declination),
<br>
Other nouns ending in <i>-mh</i> also once belonged to the 5th declination,
e.g. <i>breitheamh = judge</i>, old genitive <i>breitheamhan</i> (in the new
standard <i>breithiún</i>), hence the English term "Brehon Laws" for
the Old Irish Law System and the plural <i>breithiúnacha</i>. Today most
of these nouns belong to the 1st declination: <i>breitheamh - breithimh</i>
<br>
<b><sup>6</sup></b>: This applies to the Ó in names (the word ó
= grandchild is 4th declination, genitive ó). The vocative is <i>Uí</i>.
The dative plural <i>Uibh</i> is sometimes to be found in town- and region names
(<i>Uibh Ráthach = Iveragh</i>). <i>Ua</i> is also used as the nominative
singular (and Ó also as genitive plural)
<p>More about the <b><i>declination of verbal nouns</i></b> see <a href="verbnom1.htm#genitiv">here</a>
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<a href="subst1.htm">nouns</a> <br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a></body>
</html>