-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
defekt.htm
175 lines (157 loc) · 5.75 KB
/
defekt.htm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="me fein">
<title>defect verbs</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Trí: The Verb (an Briathar)</span></h1>
<h2 id="oben"><i class="red">Defect Verbs (na Briathra Uireasacha)</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#feadair">feadair</a> = know <br>
<a href="#ar">ar / arsa</a> = say <br>
<a href="#dar">dar</a> = appear <br>
<a href="#dobair">dóbair</a> = almost happen<br>
<a href="#is">the copula is</a> = is </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Defect verbs are those verbs that cannot be fully conjugated, and therefore are only present in a few forms. Partially, some of them will only appear in one form.
<p>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2 id="feadair"><i class="lightgreen">feadair = know </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>feadair</i> is conjugated as before in the passive (in the plural, similar to the modern preterite), but it has an active meaning. It is the only remaining
verba deponentia
in Irish. It is temporally independent (<i>feadramar = we know, we knew </i>)
<br>
<i>Feadair</i> is today only used in interrogative constructs (<i>an bhfeadair tú? = do you know?</i>) or in negative statements (<i>ní fheadar = I don't know, I wonder </i>).
<br>
It fuses often with <i>ní</i> to become <i>n'fheadar</i>.
<br>
<i>N'fheadar an bhfuil sé ann fós = I wonder if it's still there</i>
<br>
Paired with <i>do</i> it takes on the meaning "to be able to tell someone " ("to let someone know "):
<br>
<i>An bhfeadraís seo dom? = Could you let me know it?</i>
<br>
<table border="1" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td width="87">1st pers. sg.</td>
<td width="159">feadar (feadair mé)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd pers. sg.</td>
<td>feadraís (feadair tú)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd pers. sg.</td>
<td>feadair sé</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1st pers. pl. </td>
<td>fead(r)amar (feadair muid)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2nd pers. pl. </td>
<td>fead(r)abhar (feadair sibh)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3rd pers. pl. </td>
<td>fead(r)adar (feadair siad)</td></tr>
</table>
<p><font size="-1">
The forms without -r- (feadamar, etc.) deomnstrate the forms of classical Irish, the later -r- shows the taking on of the -r- of the singular forms, which is no longer considered a part of the suffix, but is counted as part of the stem.
</font>
<p>Today, feadair is rather seldomly used mostly still in Munster. The noun and old verbal noun <i>fios = knowledge </i> is much more common (<i>Níl a fhios agam = I don't know </i>, lit. "not-is its knowledge at-me").
<br>
In Connemara, there is a verb <i>ní</i> in the meaning of "to ask oneself" (<i>Ní mé = I wonder </i>).
<p>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2 id="ar"><i class="lightgreen">ar, arsa = say </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>Ar, arsa</i> is only used <i>after </i> <b>direct speech</b>. It is also temporally independent (<i>arsa mise = I said, I say </i>).
<br>
<b class="red">Ar</b> only precedes pronouns of the third person (<i>seisean, sise, siadsan</i>).
<br>
<b class="red">Arsa</b> is used in all other cases (preceding an article, but very seldom and archaic also <i>ars</i>)
<br>
With
<i>Ar, arsa</i> one may only use the emphatic forms of the pronouns (<i>mise, tusa, seisean, sise, sinne, sibhse, siadsan</i>)
<p><i>"Tuigim anois", arsa Seán = "Now I understand", said Seán.</i>
<br>
<i>"Ní thuigeann tú ar chor ar bith", ar sise = "You don't understand a thing ", she said </i>
<p>In <a href="indir.htm">indirect speech</a>, another verb must be used (e.g. <i>abair = say </i>):
<br>
<i>Dúirt sé léi gur thuig sé = he told her that he understood.</i>
<br>
<i>Dúirt sí leis nár thuig sé ar chor ar bith = she told him that he didn't understand a thing.</i>
<p>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2 id="dar"><i class="lightgreen">dar = appear </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>This verb exists only in one form: <i>dar = (it) appears </i>. It is also temporally independent.
<br>
It is always used in combination with the preposition <i>le = with </i> : <i>dar liom = it appears to me (I think, thought, etc. lit.: "(it) appears with-me")</i>.
<br>
<i>Dar leis an bhfear go bhfuil sé ann = it appears/appeared to the man, that he was there / the man thought that he was there </i>
<p>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2 id="dobair"><i class="lightgreen">dóbair = almost happen </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Variations: <i>d'fhóbair</i>, <i>hóbair</i>.
<br>
This verb appears also only on one form (3rd person singular preterite).
<br>
Although its origin is a verb, it now has taken on the meaning of an adverb ("almost", "nearly").
<br>
<i>Dóbair dom titim = dóbair go dtitfinn = I almost fell </i>
<p></p>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td>
<h2 id="is"><i class="lightgreen">the copula is = is </i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>With good cause, the <a href="kopul1.htm">copula</a> is seen as a defect verb.
<br>
Because its description would be to involved to be included here, it has its own chapter in the above link.
<p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#oben" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="verben.htm">verbs</a>
<br>
<a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<br><font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a></body>
</html>