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sonpraep.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="stíl.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="Author" content="Lars Bräsicke">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mise me fein">
<meta name="Description" content="sonstige irische Präpositionen">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="Gaeilge, Gälisch">
<title>other prepositions</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFCC99" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="bg524f.jpg">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFCC99">
<tr>
<td>
<h1>
<span class="red">Caibidil a Cúig: Prepositions (Réamhfhocail)</span></h1>
<h2 id="Anfang"><i class="red">other prepositions</i></h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="100%">
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<colgroup>
<col width="50%">
<col width="50%">
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<a href="#go dti">go (dtí)</a> = to <br>
<a href="#go">go</a> = with <br>
<a href="#gan">gan</a> = without <br>
<a href="#mar">mar</a> = as <br>
<a href="#os">os</a> = over </td>
<td valign="top"><a href="#seachas">seachas</a> = except <br>
<a href="#is">is</a> = until <br>
<a href="#a">a</a> = to <br>
<a href="#dar">dar</a> = by </td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="go dti"><i class="red">go (dtí) = to </i></h2>
<b>go dtí </b><i>lit:</i> "until coming " (tí is an old subjunctive of tar = to come)
<h3>
<span class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations :</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<b>without article:</b> (mostly only <b>go</b>): no lenition: <i>go hÉirinn = to Ireland</i></li>
<li>
<b>with article </b>(always <b>go dtí</b>): no lenition or eclipsis: <i>go dtí an teach = to the house </i> (in Dingle though it's eclipsis)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="lightgreen">Pronominal forms:</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<i>no</i> definite pronominal forms, <b>go dtí</b> is used e.g.: <i>go dtí é = to him, go dtí mé = to me </i><br>
(etymol. the pronominal forms of <a href="chuig.htm">chun/chuig</a> belong to go)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="lightgreen">Use:</span></h3>
<ol>
<li> The goal <b>of a spatial movement </b> (<b>to</b>): <i>go dtí an teach = to the house </i>, go only for plce names without an article: <i>go Meiriceá = to America</i> (for place names with article: see <a href="do.htm">do</a>/<a href="chuig.htm">chun</a>)</li>
<li>
<b>temporal length</b> ( <b>until</b> ): <i>go dtí an lá sin = up until this day </i> , go only in idiomatic expressions: <i>go maidin = until morning </i></li>
<li>
<b>up to, except </b>: <i>Ní fheabhas go dtí é = There's nothing better than it </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="go"><i class="red">go = with</i></h2>
<h3>
<span class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations:</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>
without article : <b>eclipsis</b></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="lightgreen">Pronominal forms:</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>
There are only special pronominal forms for <b>possessive pronouns </b></li>
</ul>
<table border bgcolor="#FFFFCC">
<tr>
<td><b>-</b></td>
<td><b>with poss.pron</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>with my </b></td>
<td class="red bold">go mo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>with your </b></td>
<td class="red bold">go do</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>with his </b></td>
<td class="red bold">gona</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>with her </b></td>
<td class="red bold">gona</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>with our </b></td>
<td class="red bold">gonár</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>with your(pl.) </b></td>
<td class="red bold">go bhur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>with their </b></td>
<td class="red bold">gona</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use:</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>with </b>(rare)<b>:</b> <i>go n-onóir = with honour </i></li>
<li>Measurements: ...<b>and</b> a half: <i>go leith </i>(lit.: "with half "). e.g: trí chéad go leith punt = 350 pounds </li>
<li>in expressions.: <i>go bhfios dom = <b>as far as </b><b></b> I know </i> ( lit.: "with knowledge to me "), <i>go gcuimhin liom = as far as I remember, go gclos dom = so I hear </i></li>
<li><i>without</i> eclipsis: see<i> <a href="sonpraep.htm#go%20dti">go (dtí)</a></i></li>
</ol>
<p>There is a good case for the fact that the conjunction <i>go = that</i> comes from this preposition.
<br>
Etymologisch related with Latin "cum".
<h2 id="gan"><i class="red">gan = without</i></h2>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations :</h3>
<ul>
<li>without article: <b>lenition</b> (mostly only preceding abstract/general terms) e.g: gan phósadh = unmarried <br>
but always no lenition
<ul type="disc">
<li>of <b>d, s, t, f</b>: e.g.: <i>gan fear = without a man</i></li>
<li>in infinitive constructions</li>
<li>if the noun carries a further attribute
<li>proper names : e.g.: <i>gan Pól = without Paul</i></li>
</ul></li>
<li>with article<b>:</b> no lenition/eclipsis</li></ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Pronominal forms:</h3>
<ul>
<li><i>no </i>pronominal forms : <i>gan mise = without me, gan é = without him </i></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use:</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>without</b>: <i>gan obair = without work </i></li>
<li>double (or with ná): <b>neither nor </b>: <i>gan obair gan arán = gan obair ná arán = neither work nor bread </i></li>
<li>to negate the verbal noun: <b>not</b> : <i>Tá mé sásta gan siúil = I'm fine to not walk.</i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="mar"><i class="red">mar = like, as </i></h2>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations :</h3>
<ul>
<li>without article: <b>lenition</b> e.g.: mar fhear = like a man</li>
<li>with article: <b>eclipsis</b> e.g.: mar an ngréin = like the sun </li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Pronominal forms:</h3>
<ul>
<li><i>no </i>pronominal forms : <i>mar mise = like me </i></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use:</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>like, as</b>: <i>mar bhean = as a woman, like a woman</i></li>
<li><b>fitting, as </b> (type of): <i>gach éinne mar a dhúchas = everyone according to his nature </i></li>
<li>mar atá = as there is, especially, namely </li>
<li>mar gheall ar = <b>because of</b>: <i>mar gheall ar an mbád = due to the boat </i></li>
<li>mar le = <b>for</b>: (seeing as, in light of): Is breá an aimsir í, mar le geimhreadh = for winter it is nice weather.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="os"><i class="red">os = over </i></h2>
<blockquote><i>os</i> is an old preposition, which today only finds use in set combinations, no lenition/eclipsis, also <b>ós, uas</b>,
<br>
earlier also prepositional pronouns <i>uasam, uasat, uaiste, uasainn, uasaibh, uasta</i>,
<br>
related with <i>thuas, anuas, suas, lastuas</i> (see <a href="adverb.htm#richt">directional adverbs</a>)</blockquote>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use:</h3>
<ol>
<li><i>os cionn</i> = over,above: os mo chionn = above me </li>
<li><i>os comhair, os coinne</i> = across:</li>
<li><i>os ard</i> = loud, open, public (adverbial)</li>
<li><i>os íseal</i> = with a soft voice, in secret </li>
<li><i>os meán</i> = off the scale </li>
</ol>
<h2 id="seachas"><i class="red">seachas = except </i></h2>
<p><i>seachas</i> is a compound of seach and the copula is, this is why it is rarely seens as <i>seach is</i> or only <i>seach</i> (also rare with prepositional pronouns: <i>seacham, seachat</i>, etc.)
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use:</h3>
<ol>
<li>others <b>except</b>: <i>seachas thú féin = besides yourself, daoine seachas ise = people other than her </i></li>
<li><b>other/rather than </b>: <i>an teach seachas an ceann seo = another house than this one </i></li>
<li><span class="red">seachas mar a</span> + direct relative clause: <b>compared to , like </b></li>
<li><i></i><b>better than </b><i>: seachas a chéile = rather than the other </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="is"><i class="red">is = until</i></h2>
<blockquote><b>only</b> used with article an ( =<b class="red"> is an</b>) (actually: is an < i san = in the)</blockquote>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use:</h3>
<ul>
<li><i>temporal</i> <b>until: </b><i>mí is an lá inniu = today one month</i> <i><b>ago</b></i>(lit. "one month until the day today "), <i>bliain is an t-am seo = this time last year </i>(lit. "year until this time ")</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="a"><i class="red">a = to </i></h2>
<blockquote><i>a</i> is (almost) <b>only</b> used preceding verbal nouns,
<br>
It is actually a short form of the preposition <a href="do.htm">do</a> = to.
<br>
Sometimes, in older literature, and in Munster, <i>do</i> still is used instead of <i>a</i>:
<br>
e.g.:<i> "chun na Gaedhilge d'fhoghluim" = chun na Gaeilge a fhoghlaim = to learn Irish.</i></blockquote>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Initial Mutations:</h3>
<ul><li>without article : <b>lenition</b></li></ul>
<h3 class="lightgreen">Use:</h3>
<ol>
<li>in clauses like the <a href="verbnom1.htm#Infinitiv%20mit%20zu">"extended infinitive with to"</a>: e.g.: <i>Bhí mé sásta míle a shiúl = I was happy to walk a mile.</i></li>
<li>not in the <a href="verbnom1.htm#Infinitiv%20mit%20zu">"simple infinitive with to"</a> or only rarely used </li>
<li>instead of ag in the <a href="verbnom1.htm#Verlaufsform">progressive</a> in the relative clause: e.g.: <i>an fear atá litir a scríobh = the man that is writing a letter.</i> The object comes before the VN and is in the nominative/accusative (not the genitive)</li>
<li>Except preceding verbal nouns, <i>a</i> appears rarely: e.g. in <i>a chlog = O'clock </i> : <i>a trí a chlog = 3 O'clock </i></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="dar"><i class="red">dar = by </i></h2>
<blockquote>
A rather rare preposition, used in interjections and similar expressions.
<br>
e.g.: <i>dar Dia! = by God!, dar m'anam! = my soul!, dar m'fhocal! = my word!</i>
</blockquote>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="#Anfang" title="nach oben">suas</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="praepos.htm">prepositions</a>
<br><a href=".">Gramadach na Gaeilge</a>
<br>
<hr width="100%">
<font size="-2">© <a href="https://braesicke.de/index.htm">Lars Bräsicke</a> 1999 / 2000</font></center>
<a href="https://github.com/cuplamilefocal/gnag">view on github</a>
<a href="https://braesicke.de/sonpraep.htm">view original German</a></body>
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