Memory corruption leading to Access Violation in .NET 9 using parallel reads on a Trie object

[Treit]

Description

A small demonstration program using parallel reads of a Trie data structure lead to a memory corruption issue that crashed the program with an access violation. This does not reproduce on .NET 8 but reproduces on .NET 9.

I constructed a minimal repro project here: https://github.com/treit/ktrieIssue/

The Trie implementation is from this project: https://github.com/kpol/trie/tree/master

Reproduction Steps

1. Clone this repo: https://github.com/treit/ktrieIssue/
2. dotnet run --framework net9.0

Expected behavior

No access violation crash

Actual behavior

The program will eventually crash with an access violation. It may take a minute or two or it may happen immediately in my experience.

Fatal error. System.AccessViolationException: Attempted to read or write protected memory. This is often an indication that other memory is corrupt.
   at KTrie.Trie+<GetDescendantTerminalNodes>d__26.MoveNext()
   at KTrie.Trie+<GetTerminalNodes>d__20.MoveNext()
   at System.Linq.Enumerable+IEnumerableSkipTakeIterator`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e]].MoveNext()
   at Program+<>c__DisplayClass0_0.<<Main>$>b__0()
   at System.Threading.Tasks.Task`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e]].InnerInvoke()
   at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunFromThreadPoolDispatchLoop(System.Threading.Thread, System.Threading.ExecutionContext, System.Threading.ContextCallback, System.Object)
   at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.ExecuteWithThreadLocal(System.Threading.Tasks.Task ByRef,System.Threading.Thread)
   at System.Threading.ThreadPoolWorkQueue.Dispatch()
   at System.Threading.PortableThreadPool+WorkerThread.WorkerThreadStart()

Regression?

This appears to be a regression because I cannot reproduce it running on .NET 8.

Known Workarounds

No response

Configuration

Windows 11 x64 running on .NET 9.

I did not have a chance to try this on Linux.

I did notice that I could not reproduce it on my local workstation, but it reproduces on both my laptop and my cloud dev box.

Other information

No response

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[hez2010]

Full stacktrace without inlining:

Fatal error. System.AccessViolationException: Attempted to read or write protected memory. This is often an indication that other memory is corrupt.
   at System.Collections.Generic.Queue`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e]].Enqueue(System.__Canon)
   at KTrie.Trie+<GetDescendantTerminalNodes>d__26.MoveNext()
   at KTrie.Trie+<GetTerminalNodes>d__20.MoveNext()
   at System.Linq.Enumerable+IEnumerableSelectIterator`2[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e],[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e]].MoveNext()
   at System.Linq.Enumerable+IEnumerableSkipTakeIterator`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e]].MoveNext()
   at Program+<>c__DisplayClass0_0.<<Main>$>b__0()
   at System.Threading.Tasks.Task`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e]].InnerInvoke()
   at System.Threading.Tasks.Task+<>c.<.cctor>b__292_0(System.Object)
   at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.RunFromThreadPoolDispatchLoop(System.Threading.Thread, System.Threading.ExecutionContext, System.Threading.ContextCallback, System.Object)
   at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.ExecuteWithThreadLocal(System.Threading.Tasks.Task ByRef, System.Threading.Thread)
   at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.ExecuteEntryUnsafe(System.Threading.Thread)
   at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.ExecuteFromThreadPool(System.Threading.Thread)
   at System.Threading.ThreadPoolWorkQueue.DispatchWorkItem(System.Object, System.Threading.Thread)
   at System.Threading.ThreadPoolWorkQueue.Dispatch()
   at System.Threading.PortableThreadPool+WorkerThread.WorkerDoWork(System.Threading.PortableThreadPool, Boolean ByRef)
   at System.Threading.PortableThreadPool+WorkerThread.WorkerThreadStart()
   at System.Threading.Thread+StartHelper.RunWorker()
   at System.Threading.Thread+StartHelper.Run()
   at System.Threading.Thread.StartCallback()

I noticed kpol/trie#5 which indicates KTrie is not thread-safe. Maybe better to confirm whether it's a runtime bug or an issue in the implementation of KTrie.

UPDATE: found corrupted objects in the GC heap:

!dumpstack
OS Thread Id: 0x96a0 (38)
Current frame: 00007ff83994002e
Child-SP         RetAddr          Caller, Callee
000000F77E1FF150 00007ff839f3b258 (MethodDesc 00007ff83a078b98 + 0x28 System.Collections.Generic.Queue`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib]].Enqueue(System.__Canon)), calling (MethodDesc 00007ff839a98cd0 + 0 System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CastHelpers.StelemRef(System.Object[], IntPtr, System.Object))
000000F77E1FF160 00007ff839f2ed3a (MethodDesc 00007ff839b438c0 + 0x3a System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CastCache.TryGet(Int32[], UIntPtr, UIntPtr)), calling (MethodDesc 00007ff839b438a0 + 0 System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CastCache.Element(Int32 ByRef, Int32))
000000F77E1FF190 00007ff839f3b0db (MethodDesc 00007ff83a078138 + 0xdb KTrie.Trie+<GetDescendantTerminalNodes>d__26.MoveNext()), calling (MethodDesc 00007ff83a078b98 + 0 System.Collections.Generic.Queue`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib]].Enqueue(System.__Canon))
000000F77E1FF1A0 00007ff839f3c339 (MethodDesc 00007ff83a076660 + 0x29 System.Linq.Enumerable+IEnumerableSkipTakeIterator`1[[System.__Canon, System.Private.CoreLib]]..ctor(System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable`1<System.__Canon>, Int32, Int32)), calling 00007ff839940010
000000F77E1FF1D0 00007ff839f3b2f3 (MethodDesc 00007ff83a038bb0 + 0x33 KTrie.Trie+<GetTerminalNodes>d__20.MoveNext())
...

!verifyheap
Segment          Object           Failure                          Reason
024dfa771250     020df501a960     InvalidMethodTable               Object 20df501a960 has an invalid method table 0
024dfa771250     020df502b210     InvalidMethodTable               Object 20df502b210 has an invalid method table 0
024dfa771250     020df503dae0     InvalidMethodTable               Object 20df503dae0 has an invalid method table 0
024dfa771250     020df5053740     InvalidMethodTable               Object 20df5053740 has an invalid method table 0
024dfa771250     020df50693a0     InvalidMethodTable               Object 20df50693a0 has an invalid method table 0
024dfa771250     020df506edf0     InvalidMethodTable               Object 20df506edf0 has an invalid method table 0

!listnearobj 20df501a960
Before:              020df5013548 29,720 (0x7418)                  KTrie.TrieNodes.CharTrieNode[]
Current:             020df501a960                                  Unknown
Error Detected: Object 20df501a960 has an invalid method table 0 [verify heap]
Next:                020df501e3a8 56 (0x38)                        KTrie.Trie+<GetTerminalNodes>d__20
Expected to find next object at 20df501a960, instead found it at 20df501e3a8.
Heap local consistency not confirmed.

Seems like a GC hole in Queue<T> where Queue<T>:_array becomes invalid somehow?

[jkotas]

StelemRef

Dup of #108763 ?

[AndyAyersMS]

I wonder if this is a case of calling a managed jit helper in a no gc region.

[Treit]

StelemRef

Dup of #108763 ?

Confirmed that setting <CETCompat>false</CETCompat> fixes the issue, per suggestion from hez2010 / skyake on the C# discord.