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graphy.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<h1>Graphical considerations</h1>
<p>This page describes the written form of Gregorian chant for those interested: in particular the precise rules for the construction of a score, rules which are respected by Gregorio.</p>
<h2>The alignment of text and neumes</h2>
<p>The alignment of text and notes is something fundamental in Gregorian chant scores, because the correspondence of text and notes needs to be very clear when a score is read, in order to make rapid sight-reading possible.</p>
<p>What we need to do, in fact, is to align two points: one on the neumes, and one on the text. The alignment point on the neumes needs to be determined based on the notes; and that on the text, depending on the type of syllable.</p>
<h3>The alignment point on the neumes</h3>
<p>This point is the simplest to determine, as there are only three cases:</p>
<ul><li>if the first glyph is only one note, or is a normal <em>pes</em>, or is composed of three or more notes, the alignment point is in the middle of the first note.</li>
<li>if the first glyph is composed of two notes (other than a normal <em>pes</em>), the alignment point is in the middle of the glyph.</li>
<li>In the case of a <em>porrectus</em>, the alignment point is in the middle of an imaginary square <em>punctum</em> beginning at the same point as the <em>porrectus</em>.</li></ul>
<h3>The alignment point of the text</h3>
<p>This alignment point is harder to determine as there are more cases. We treat here the case of the Latin; there may be different cases depending on the language, but Latin is the most used language for Gregorian chant. For Latin pronunciation, see the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" title="">Wikipedia article on Latin</a>.</p>
<p>The basic case is the case of a syllable with only one vowel, for example <em>-tor</em> in <em>creator</em> . In this case, the alignment point is in the middle of the vowel, here <em>o</em>.</p>
<p>In the case of a diphthong, for example <em>au</em> (pronounced <code>[au̯]</code>) in <em>aurum</em>), the alignment point is in the middle of the diphthong. </p>
<p>The case of double vowels having only one sound (monophthongs), such as <em>æ</em> (pronounced <code>[ɛː]</code>), is quite similar; the alignment point is in the middle of the two letters.</p>
<p>Gregorian chant scores usually start with a large initial letter. In this case the alignment point is in the middle of the first letter after the initial if the initial is a vowel. Otherwise it is in the normal position described above.</p>
<p>The harder cases to discern, which deviate from the rules of the diphthong, are the cases of the “false vowels”, that is to say <em>iota</em> and <em>digamma</em>:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>iota</em> is a phonetic figure on the <em>i</em> in Latin when it is followed by another vowel. This corresponds to the <em>j</em> in German (as in <em>ja</em>) or to the <em>y</em> in french (in <em>maya</em>). In derived languages, this generally gives us words with <em>j</em> for example <em>Iesus → Jesus</em>. The iota appears mostly at the beginning of words.</li>
<li><em>digamma</em> is a phonetic figure on the <em>u</em> in Latin when it is followed by a vowel. It corresponds to the <em>w</em> in English (as in <em>were</em>). digamma is used often, for example in <em>qui</em> (pronounced <code>[kʷi]</code>) and its declined forms.</li>
</ul>
<p>In these two cases, the alignment point is in the middle of the second vowel, for example on the <em>e</em> of <em>Iesus</em>, on the <em>i</em> of <em>qui</em>. Be careful not to confuse multiple structures. For example, <em>cuius</em> consists of two distinct syllables, <em>cu</em> and <em>ius</em>: the second one is an <em>iota</em>, so it is aligned on the <em>u</em>. In the same way, the word <em>media</em> is composed of three syllables: <em>me</em>, <em>di</em> and <em>a</em>.</p>
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