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08-bootstrapping-kubernetes-controllers.md

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Bootstrapping the Kubernetes Control Plane

In this lab you will bootstrap the Kubernetes control plane across two compute instances and configure it for high availability. You will also create an external load balancer that exposes the Kubernetes API Servers to remote clients. The following components will be installed on each node: Kubernetes API Server, Scheduler, and Controller Manager.

Prerequisites

The commands in this lab must be run on each controller instance: controller-0, controller-1 and controller-2. Login to each controller instance using the az command to find its public IP and ssh to it. Example:

CONTROLLER="controller-0"
PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS=$(az network public-ip show -g kubernetes \
  -n ${CONTROLLER}-pip --query "ipAddress" -otsv)

ssh kuberoot@${PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS}

Running commands in parallel with tmux

tmux can be used to run commands on multiple compute instances at the same time. See the Running commands in parallel with tmux section in the Prerequisites lab.

Provision the Kubernetes Control Plane

Create the Kubernetes configuration directory:

sudo mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/config

Download and Install the Kubernetes Controller Binaries

Download the official Kubernetes release binaries:

wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.26.3/bin/linux/amd64/kube-apiserver" \
  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.26.3/bin/linux/amd64/kube-controller-manager" \
  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.26.3/bin/linux/amd64/kube-scheduler" \
  "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.26.3/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl"

Install the Kubernetes binaries:

{
  chmod +x kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler kubectl
  sudo mv kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler kubectl /usr/local/bin/
}

Configure the Kubernetes API Server

{
  sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/kubernetes/

  sudo mv ca.pem ca-key.pem kubernetes-key.pem kubernetes.pem \
    service-account-key.pem service-account.pem \
    encryption-config.yaml /var/lib/kubernetes/
}

The instance internal IP address will be used advertise the API Server to members of the cluster. Retrieve the internal IP address for the current compute instance:

INTERNAL_IP=$(ip addr show eth0 | grep -oP '(?<=inet\s)\d+(\.\d+){3}')

Create the kube-apiserver.service systemd unit file:

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kube-apiserver.service
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes API Server
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-apiserver \\
  --advertise-address=${INTERNAL_IP} \\
  --allow-privileged=true \\
  --audit-log-maxage=30 \\
  --audit-log-maxbackup=3 \\
  --audit-log-maxsize=100 \\
  --audit-log-path=/var/log/audit.log \\
  --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC \\
  --bind-address=0.0.0.0 \\
  --client-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
  --enable-admission-plugins=NamespaceLifecycle,NodeRestriction,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,DefaultStorageClass,ResourceQuota \\
  --etcd-cafile=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
  --etcd-certfile=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
  --etcd-keyfile=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \\
  --etcd-servers=https://10.240.0.10:2379,https://10.240.0.11:2379,https://10.240.0.12:2379 \\
  --event-ttl=1h \\
  --encryption-provider-config=/var/lib/kubernetes/encryption-config.yaml \\
  --kubelet-certificate-authority=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
  --kubelet-client-certificate=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
  --kubelet-client-key=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \\
  --runtime-config='api/all=true' \\
  --service-account-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/service-account.pem \\
  --service-account-signing-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/service-account-key.pem \\
  --service-account-issuer=https://${PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS}:6443 \\
  --service-cluster-ip-range=10.32.0.0/24 \\
  --service-node-port-range=30000-32767 \\
  --tls-cert-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
  --tls-private-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \\
  --v=2
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

Configure the Kubernetes Controller Manager

Move the kube-controller-manager kubeconfig into place:

sudo mv kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig /var/lib/kubernetes/

Create the kube-controller-manager.service systemd unit file:

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kube-controller-manager.service
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Controller Manager
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-controller-manager \\
  --bind-address=0.0.0.0 \\
  --cluster-cidr=10.200.0.0/16 \\
  --cluster-name=kubernetes \\
  --cluster-signing-cert-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
  --cluster-signing-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca-key.pem \\
  --kubeconfig=/var/lib/kubernetes/kube-controller-manager.kubeconfig \\
  --leader-elect=true \\
  --root-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
  --service-account-private-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/service-account-key.pem \\
  --service-cluster-ip-range=10.32.0.0/24 \\
  --use-service-account-credentials=true \\
  --v=2
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

Configure the Kubernetes Scheduler

Move the kube-scheduler kubeconfig into place:

sudo mv kube-scheduler.kubeconfig /var/lib/kubernetes/

Create the kube-scheduler.yaml configuration file:

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/kubernetes/config/kube-scheduler.yaml
apiVersion: kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind: KubeSchedulerConfiguration
clientConnection:
  kubeconfig: "/var/lib/kubernetes/kube-scheduler.kubeconfig"
leaderElection:
  leaderElect: true
EOF

Create the kube-scheduler.service systemd unit file:

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/kube-scheduler.service
[Unit]
Description=Kubernetes Scheduler
Documentation=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-scheduler \\
  --config=/etc/kubernetes/config/kube-scheduler.yaml \\
  --v=2
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

Start the Controller Services

{
  sudo systemctl daemon-reload
  sudo systemctl enable kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler
  sudo systemctl start kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler
}

Allow up to 10 seconds for the Kubernetes API Server to fully initialize.

Verification

kubectl get componentstatuses --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig
NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
scheduler            Healthy   ok
controller-manager   Healthy   ok
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"}
etcd-1               Healthy   {"health":"true"}
etcd-2               Healthy   {"health":"true"}

Remember to run the above commands on each controller node: controller-0, controller-1 and controller-2.

RBAC for Kubelet Authorization

In this section you will configure RBAC permissions to allow the Kubernetes API Server to access the Kubelet API on each worker node. Access to the Kubelet API is required for retrieving metrics, logs, and executing commands in pods.

This tutorial sets the Kubelet --authorization-mode flag to Webhook. Webhook mode uses the SubjectAccessReview API to determine authorization.

CONTROLLER="controller-0"
PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS=$(az network public-ip show -g kubernetes \
  -n ${CONTROLLER}-pip --query "ipAddress" -otsv)

ssh kuberoot@${PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS}

Create the system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet ClusterRole with permissions to access the Kubelet API and perform most common tasks associated with managing pods:

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig -f -
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  annotations:
    rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: "true"
  labels:
    kubernetes.io/bootstrapping: rbac-defaults
  name: system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet
rules:
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/proxy
      - nodes/stats
      - nodes/log
      - nodes/spec
      - nodes/metrics
    verbs:
      - "*"
EOF

The Kubernetes API Server authenticates to the Kubelet as the kubernetes user using the client certificate as defined by the --kubelet-client-certificate flag.

Bind the system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet ClusterRole to the kubernetes user:

cat <<EOF | kubectl apply --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig -f -
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: system:kube-apiserver
  namespace: ""
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet
subjects:
  - apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
    kind: User
    name: kubernetes
EOF

The Kubernetes Frontend Load Balancer

In this section you will provision an external load balancer to front the Kubernetes API Servers. The kubernetes-the-hard-way static IP address will be attached to the resulting load balancer.

The compute instances created in this tutorial will not have permission to complete this section. Run the following commands from the same machine used to create the compute instances.

Create the load balancer health probe as a pre-requesite for the lb rule that follows.

az network lb probe create -g kubernetes \
  --lb-name kubernetes-lb \
  --name kubernetes-apiserver-probe \
  --port 6443 \
  --protocol tcp

Create the external load balancer network resources:

az network lb rule create -g kubernetes \
  -n kubernetes-apiserver-rule \
  --protocol tcp \
  --lb-name kubernetes-lb \
  --frontend-ip-name LoadBalancerFrontEnd \
  --frontend-port 6443 \
  --backend-pool-name kubernetes-lb-pool \
  --backend-port 6443 \
  --probe-name kubernetes-apiserver-probe

Verification

Retrieve the kubernetes-the-hard-way static IP address:

KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS=$(az network public-ip show -g kubernetes \
  -n kubernetes-pip --query ipAddress -otsv)

Make a HTTP request for the Kubernetes version info:

curl --cacert ca.pem https://$KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_IP_ADDRESS:6443/version

output

{
  "major": "1",
  "minor": "26",
  "gitVersion": "v1.26.3",
  "gitCommit": "9e644106593f3f4aa98f8a84b23db5fa378900bd",
  "gitTreeState": "clean",
  "buildDate": "2023-03-15T13:33:12Z",
  "goVersion": "go1.19.7",
  "compiler": "gc",
  "platform": "linux/amd64"
}

Next: Bootstrapping the Kubernetes Worker Nodes