Diabetes_prediction_(_classifier_model).ipynb

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        "\n",
        "**Project Overview**\n",
        "\n",
        "This project aims to create a predictive model that can determine the likelihood of an individual having diabetes based on various health indicators. This is a classic example of a binary classification problem in machine learning, where the model needs to classify an individual as either diabetic (Outcome = 1) or non-diabetic (Outcome = 0).\n",
        "\n",
        "**Data Information (\"diabetes.csv\")**\n",
        "\n",
        "I'am using the PIMA Diabetes Dataset.  This dataset contains information about female patients of Pima Indian heritage, aged 21 and older. Here's a breakdown of the features:\n",
        "\n",
        "* **Pregnancies:** Number of times pregnant\n",
        "* **Glucose:** Plasma glucose concentration (2 hours in an oral glucose tolerance test)\n",
        "* **BloodPressure:** Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)\n",
        "* **SkinThickness:** Triceps skinfold thickness (mm)\n",
        "* **Insulin:** 2-Hour serum insulin (mu U/ml)\n",
        "* **BMI:** Body mass index (weight in kg/(height in m)^2)\n",
        "* **DiabetesPedigreeFunction:** A function that scores the likelihood of diabetes based on family history.\n",
        "* **Age:** Age (years)\n",
        "* **Outcome:** Class variable (0 or 1) where 1 indicates the presence of diabetes.\n",
        "\n",
        "**Project Goal**\n",
        "\n",
        "The goal is to train an SVM model using this data.  A well-trained SVM model will be able to identify the underlying patterns and relationships between these features and the presence or absence of diabetes. Once trained, the model can be used to predict the diabetes risk for new, unseen patients.\n",
        "\n",
        "**Understanding the outlines the steps for building the  model**\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "1. **Importing Dependencies:** This section loads necessary libraries like NumPy, Pandas (for data manipulation), scikit-learn (for machine learning tasks like data splitting, model training, and evaluation), and the SVM classifier.\n",
        "\n",
        "2. **Data Collection and Analysis:** This section involves loading the dataset into a Pandas DataFrame and performing initial data exploration (like viewing the first few rows using `diabetes_dataset.head()`).\n",
        "\n",
        "**Next Steps in the Project**\n",
        "\n",
        "1. **Data Preprocessing:** Clean the data (handle missing values if any), and prepare it for the SVM model. This might involve:\n",
        "   * **Feature Scaling:**  Standardize or normalize the features to bring them on a similar scale. This helps the SVM algorithm perform better.\n",
        "   * **Handling Missing Data:** Decide how to handle any missing values in the dataset (e.g., imputation or removal).\n",
        "\n",
        "2. **Splitting the Data:** Divide the dataset into training and testing sets. The training set will be used to train the SVM model, and the testing set will evaluate its performance.\n",
        "\n",
        "3. **Model Training:** Create an instance of the SVM classifier and train it using the training data.\n",
        "\n",
        "4. **Model Evaluation:** Use the trained model to make predictions on the testing data. Evaluate the model's performance using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1-score.\n",
        "\n",
        "5. **Hyperparameter Tuning:** Fine-tune the SVM model's parameters (like the kernel type, C value, gamma value) to improve its performance further.\n"
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      "source": [
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler\n",
        "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
        "from sklearn import svm\n",
        "from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score"
      ],
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      "execution_count": 1,
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        "PIMA Diabetes Dataset\n"
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      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# loading the diabetes dataset to a pandas DataFrame\n",
        "diabetes_dataset = pd.read_csv('/content/diabetes.csv')"
      ],
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      "execution_count": 5,
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      "source": [
        "# printing the first 5 rows of the dataset\n",
        "diabetes_dataset.head()"
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              "   Pregnancies  Glucose  BloodPressure  SkinThickness  Insulin   BMI  \\\n",
              "0            6      148             72             35        0  33.6   \n",
              "1            1       85             66             29        0  26.6   \n",
              "2            8      183             64              0        0  23.3   \n",
              "3            1       89             66             23       94  28.1   \n",
              "4            0      137             40             35      168  43.1   \n",
              "\n",
              "   DiabetesPedigreeFunction  Age  Outcome  \n",
              "0                     0.627   50        1  \n",
              "1                     0.351   31        0  \n",
              "2                     0.672   32        1  \n",
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      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# number of rows and Columns in this dataset\n",
        "diabetes_dataset.shape"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "dAVv3XbuYnHE",
        "outputId": "f48aadc7-adf0-4b1f-ec51-cbb75a2702d4"
      },
      "execution_count": 7,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "(768, 9)"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 7
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# getting the statistical measures of the data\n",
        "diabetes_dataset.describe()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 320
        },
        "id": "rStGJNjnY-uF",
        "outputId": "a4a3de2d-e05e-482e-ad89-d5352ac5c2f8"
      },
      "execution_count": 8,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "       Pregnancies     Glucose  BloodPressure  SkinThickness     Insulin  \\\n",
              "count   768.000000  768.000000     768.000000     768.000000  768.000000   \n",
              "mean      3.845052  120.894531      69.105469      20.536458   79.799479   \n",
              "std       3.369578   31.972618      19.355807      15.952218  115.244002   \n",
              "min       0.000000    0.000000       0.000000       0.000000    0.000000   \n",
              "25%       1.000000   99.000000      62.000000       0.000000    0.000000   \n",
              "50%       3.000000  117.000000      72.000000      23.000000   30.500000   \n",
              "75%       6.000000  140.250000      80.000000      32.000000  127.250000   \n",
              "max      17.000000  199.000000     122.000000      99.000000  846.000000   \n",
              "\n",
              "              BMI  DiabetesPedigreeFunction         Age     Outcome  \n",
              "count  768.000000                768.000000  768.000000  768.000000  \n",
              "mean    31.992578                  0.471876   33.240885    0.348958  \n",
              "std      7.884160                  0.331329   11.760232    0.476951  \n",
              "min      0.000000                  0.078000   21.000000    0.000000  \n",
              "25%     27.300000                  0.243750   24.000000    0.000000  \n",
              "50%     32.000000                  0.372500   29.000000    0.000000  \n",
              "75%     36.600000                  0.626250   41.000000    1.000000  \n",
              "max     67.100000                  2.420000   81.000000    1.000000  "
            ],
            "text/html": [
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              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>Pregnancies</th>\n",
              "      <th>Glucose</th>\n",
              "      <th>BloodPressure</th>\n",
              "      <th>SkinThickness</th>\n",
              "      <th>Insulin</th>\n",
              "      <th>BMI</th>\n",
              "      <th>DiabetesPedigreeFunction</th>\n",
              "      <th>Age</th>\n",
              "      <th>Outcome</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>count</th>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>768.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>mean</th>\n",
              "      <td>3.845052</td>\n",
              "      <td>120.894531</td>\n",
              "      <td>69.105469</td>\n",
              "      <td>20.536458</td>\n",
              "      <td>79.799479</td>\n",
              "      <td>31.992578</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.471876</td>\n",
              "      <td>33.240885</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.348958</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>std</th>\n",
              "      <td>3.369578</td>\n",
              "      <td>31.972618</td>\n",
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              "      <td>15.952218</td>\n",
              "      <td>115.244002</td>\n",
              "      <td>7.884160</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.331329</td>\n",
              "      <td>11.760232</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.476951</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>min</th>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.078000</td>\n",
              "      <td>21.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>25%</th>\n",
              "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>99.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>62.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>27.300000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.243750</td>\n",
              "      <td>24.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>50%</th>\n",
              "      <td>3.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>117.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>72.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>23.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>30.500000</td>\n",
              "      <td>32.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.372500</td>\n",
              "      <td>29.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>75%</th>\n",
              "      <td>6.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>140.250000</td>\n",
              "      <td>80.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>32.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>127.250000</td>\n",
              "      <td>36.600000</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.626250</td>\n",
              "      <td>41.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>1.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>max</th>\n",
              "      <td>17.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>199.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>122.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>99.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>846.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>67.100000</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.420000</td>\n",
              "      <td>81.000000</td>\n",
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            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "dataframe",
              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"diabetes_dataset\",\n  \"rows\": 8,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Pregnancies\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 269.85223453356366,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          3.8450520833333335,\n          3.0,\n          768.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Glucose\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 243.73802348295857,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          120.89453125,\n          117.0,\n          768.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"BloodPressure\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 252.8525053581062,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          69.10546875,\n          72.0,\n          768.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SkinThickness\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 263.7684730531098,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 7,\n        \"samples\": [\n          768.0,\n          20.536458333333332,\n          32.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Insulin\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 350.26059167945886,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 846.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 7,\n        \"samples\": [\n          768.0,\n          79.79947916666667,\n          127.25\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"BMI\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 262.05117817552093,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          31.992578124999998,\n          32.0,\n          768.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"DiabetesPedigreeFunction\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 271.3005221658502,\n        \"min\": 0.078,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.47187630208333325,\n          0.3725,\n          768.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Age\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 260.1941178528413,\n        \"min\": 11.760231540678685,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 8,\n        \"samples\": [\n          33.240885416666664,\n          29.0,\n          768.0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Outcome\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 271.3865920388932,\n        \"min\": 0.0,\n        \"max\": 768.0,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 5,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.3489583333333333,\n          1.0,\n          0.47695137724279896\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 8
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "diabetes_dataset['Outcome'].value_counts()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "OWwmSOP2ZDbG",
        "outputId": "4646f854-a824-47ff-e8cf-15ef21e97721"
      },
      "execution_count": 9,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "Outcome\n",
              "0    500\n",
              "1    268\n",
              "Name: count, dtype: int64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 9
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "0 --> Non-Diabetic"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "AaBTHSwZZbeE"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "1 --> Diabetic"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "yhDVwjj9Zbz5"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "diabetes_dataset.groupby('Outcome').mean()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 163
        },
        "id": "CskKOfORZYj2",
        "outputId": "5dbe0044-0dbd-4d6c-c2ab-4df703c2a6b3"
      },
      "execution_count": 10,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "         Pregnancies     Glucose  BloodPressure  SkinThickness     Insulin  \\\n",
              "Outcome                                                                      \n",
              "0           3.298000  109.980000      68.184000      19.664000   68.792000   \n",
              "1           4.865672  141.257463      70.824627      22.164179  100.335821   \n",
              "\n",
              "               BMI  DiabetesPedigreeFunction        Age  \n",
              "Outcome                                                  \n",
              "0        30.304200                  0.429734  31.190000  \n",
              "1        35.142537                  0.550500  37.067164  "
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            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "dataframe",
              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"diabetes_dataset\",\n  \"rows\": 2,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Outcome\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0,\n        \"min\": 0,\n        \"max\": 1,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          1,\n          0\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Pregnancies\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.108511248584296,\n        \"min\": 3.298,\n        \"max\": 4.865671641791045,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          4.865671641791045,\n          3.298\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Glucose\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 22.116505963980842,\n        \"min\": 109.98,\n        \"max\": 141.25746268656715,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          141.25746268656715,\n          109.98\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"BloodPressure\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.8672051632998017,\n        \"min\": 68.184,\n        \"max\": 70.82462686567165,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          70.82462686567165,\n          68.184\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"SkinThickness\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1.7678935989570275,\n        \"min\": 19.664,\n        \"max\": 22.16417910447761,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          22.16417910447761,\n          19.664\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Insulin\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 22.304849659757796,\n        \"min\": 68.792,\n        \"max\": 100.33582089552239,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          100.33582089552239,\n          68.792\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"BMI\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 3.4212211239962618,\n        \"min\": 30.3042,\n        \"max\": 35.14253731343284,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          35.14253731343284,\n          30.3042\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"DiabetesPedigreeFunction\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 0.08539445753677459,\n        \"min\": 0.429734,\n        \"max\": 0.5505,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          0.5505,\n          0.429734\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"Age\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 4.155782645191446,\n        \"min\": 31.19,\n        \"max\": 37.06716417910448,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"samples\": [\n          37.06716417910448,\n          31.19\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 10
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# separating the data and labels\n",
        "X = diabetes_dataset.drop(columns = 'Outcome', axis=1)\n",
        "Y = diabetes_dataset['Outcome']"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "uosaXNADaSeO"
      },
      "execution_count": 11,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print(X)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "_MsO_rhKauw4",
        "outputId": "90aa13c5-e054-4abc-f22c-cd0f04b91190"
      },
      "execution_count": 12,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "     Pregnancies  Glucose  BloodPressure  SkinThickness  Insulin   BMI  \\\n",
            "0              6      148             72             35        0  33.6   \n",
            "1              1       85             66             29        0  26.6   \n",
            "2              8      183             64              0        0  23.3   \n",
            "3              1       89             66             23       94  28.1   \n",
            "4              0      137             40             35      168  43.1   \n",
            "..           ...      ...            ...            ...      ...   ...   \n",
            "763           10      101             76             48      180  32.9   \n",
            "764            2      122             70             27        0  36.8   \n",
            "765            5      121             72             23      112  26.2   \n",
            "766            1      126             60              0        0  30.1   \n",
            "767            1       93             70             31        0  30.4   \n",
            "\n",
            "     DiabetesPedigreeFunction  Age  \n",
            "0                       0.627   50  \n",
            "1                       0.351   31  \n",
            "2                       0.672   32  \n",
            "3                       0.167   21  \n",
            "4                       2.288   33  \n",
            "..                        ...  ...  \n",
            "763                     0.171   63  \n",
            "764                     0.340   27  \n",
            "765                     0.245   30  \n",
            "766                     0.349   47  \n",
            "767                     0.315   23  \n",
            "\n",
            "[768 rows x 8 columns]\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print(Y)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "nzpagGUxa0LB",
        "outputId": "96efd8f7-f3c9-446d-d7ae-0bf4cb56f813"
      },
      "execution_count": 13,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "0      1\n",
            "1      0\n",
            "2      1\n",
            "3      0\n",
            "4      1\n",
            "      ..\n",
            "763    0\n",
            "764    0\n",
            "765    0\n",
            "766    1\n",
            "767    0\n",
            "Name: Outcome, Length: 768, dtype: int64\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Data Standardization"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "E9ghFvC4bjn6"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "scaler = StandardScaler()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "_e3_36RjbdKy"
      },
      "execution_count": 14,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "scaler.fit(X)"
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      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "6VTgXWH8borO",
        "outputId": "402dcb29-322f-4d59-a730-4d44d8aff3dc"
      },
      "execution_count": 17,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "StandardScaler()"
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-3 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-3\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>StandardScaler()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-3\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-3\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">StandardScaler</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>StandardScaler()</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 17
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "standardized_data = scaler.transform(X)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Jgm74gzCbsea"
      },
      "execution_count": 19,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print(standardized_data)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Xb_hkKGWcOg7",
        "outputId": "851327f0-f585-4220-8446-7620927acc78"
      },
      "execution_count": 20,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "[[ 0.63994726  0.84832379  0.14964075 ...  0.20401277  0.46849198\n",
            "   1.4259954 ]\n",
            " [-0.84488505 -1.12339636 -0.16054575 ... -0.68442195 -0.36506078\n",
            "  -0.19067191]\n",
            " [ 1.23388019  1.94372388 -0.26394125 ... -1.10325546  0.60439732\n",
            "  -0.10558415]\n",
            " ...\n",
            " [ 0.3429808   0.00330087  0.14964075 ... -0.73518964 -0.68519336\n",
            "  -0.27575966]\n",
            " [-0.84488505  0.1597866  -0.47073225 ... -0.24020459 -0.37110101\n",
            "   1.17073215]\n",
            " [-0.84488505 -0.8730192   0.04624525 ... -0.20212881 -0.47378505\n",
            "  -0.87137393]]\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "X = standardized_data\n",
        "Y = diabetes_dataset['Outcome']"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Z2QJKsOGcfhc"
      },
      "execution_count": 21,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print(X)\n",
        "print(Y)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "us1WcTqUc7jj",
        "outputId": "aac738dd-f195-4241-b35e-db322ddf0c90"
      },
      "execution_count": 22,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "[[ 0.63994726  0.84832379  0.14964075 ...  0.20401277  0.46849198\n",
            "   1.4259954 ]\n",
            " [-0.84488505 -1.12339636 -0.16054575 ... -0.68442195 -0.36506078\n",
            "  -0.19067191]\n",
            " [ 1.23388019  1.94372388 -0.26394125 ... -1.10325546  0.60439732\n",
            "  -0.10558415]\n",
            " ...\n",
            " [ 0.3429808   0.00330087  0.14964075 ... -0.73518964 -0.68519336\n",
            "  -0.27575966]\n",
            " [-0.84488505  0.1597866  -0.47073225 ... -0.24020459 -0.37110101\n",
            "   1.17073215]\n",
            " [-0.84488505 -0.8730192   0.04624525 ... -0.20212881 -0.47378505\n",
            "  -0.87137393]]\n",
            "0      1\n",
            "1      0\n",
            "2      1\n",
            "3      0\n",
            "4      1\n",
            "      ..\n",
            "763    0\n",
            "764    0\n",
            "765    0\n",
            "766    1\n",
            "767    0\n",
            "Name: Outcome, Length: 768, dtype: int64\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "train test split"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "sBrXFywddJXD"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(X,Y, test_size = 0.2, stratify=Y, random_state=2)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "f4Cfxm28dBaI"
      },
      "execution_count": 23,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print(X.shape, X_train.shape, X_test.shape)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "t9uXOqlGdh2n",
        "outputId": "a0fbfed8-bdd9-47c9-98bb-ca9a2f5be0ad"
      },
      "execution_count": 24,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(768, 8) (614, 8) (154, 8)\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Training the Model"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ZVzI4R7Xdzqa"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "classifier = svm.SVC(kernel='linear')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pp0Vm6mQdsBl"
      },
      "execution_count": 25,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "#training the support vector Machine Classifier\n",
        "classifier.fit(X_train, Y_train)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 74
        },
        "id": "X5bReBFgd6ZS",
        "outputId": "7f133fb5-3511-4b01-a8e7-d30a664ce7cb"
      },
      "execution_count": 26,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "SVC(kernel='linear')"
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "<style>#sk-container-id-5 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-5 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-5 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-5 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-5 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-5 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-5\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>SVC(kernel=&#x27;linear&#x27;)</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-5\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-5\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">SVC</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>SVC(kernel=&#x27;linear&#x27;)</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 26
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Model Evaluation"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GSjI43RNeLAk"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Accuracy Score"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "i_tPoJeoeLDI"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# accuracy score on the training data\n",
        "X_train_prediction = classifier.predict(X_train)\n",
        "training_data_accuracy = accuracy_score(X_train_prediction, Y_train)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Gq43vvN9d-ff"
      },
      "execution_count": 27,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print('Accuracy score of the training data : ', training_data_accuracy)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "1y8iwb6JetmL",
        "outputId": "ba76a2fc-4551-4813-ba39-6737e42effc7"
      },
      "execution_count": 28,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Accuracy score of the training data :  0.7866449511400652\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# accuracy score on the test data\n",
        "X_test_prediction = classifier.predict(X_test)\n",
        "test_data_accuracy = accuracy_score(X_test_prediction, Y_test)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "qDMsZhG6e0bB"
      },
      "execution_count": 29,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print('Accuracy score of the test data : ', test_data_accuracy)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "YIstPFYdfPTA",
        "outputId": "f997bd78-5cc3-4968-99c1-abfa1a288b7b"
      },
      "execution_count": 30,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Accuracy score of the test data :  0.7727272727272727\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Making a Predictive System"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ZpWHLFqifvno"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "F9W6v8HbfXYD"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "U-ULRe4yv5tH",
        "outputId": "dc5f7cec-7027-40ab-f4e1-6477ec37f439"
      },
      "source": [
        "input_data = (4,110,92,0,0,37.6,0.191,30)\n",
        "\n",
        "# changing the input_data to numpy array\n",
        "input_data_as_numpy_array = np.asarray(input_data)\n",
        "\n",
        "# reshape the array as we are predicting for one instance\n",
        "input_data_reshaped = input_data_as_numpy_array.reshape(1,-1)\n",
        "\n",
        "# standardize the input data\n",
        "# std_data = scaler.transform(input_data_reshaped) <--- comment this out\n",
        "print(input_data_reshaped)\n",
        "\n",
        "prediction = classifier.predict(input_data_reshaped)\n",
        "print(prediction)\n",
        "\n",
        "if (prediction[0] == 0):\n",
        "  print('The person is not diabetic')\n",
        "else:\n",
        "  print('The person is diabetic')"
      ],
      "execution_count": 33,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "[[  4.    110.     92.      0.      0.     37.6     0.191  30.   ]]\n",
            "[1]\n",
            "The person is diabetic\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-f2ZFnJdf3W4"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    }
  ]
}