Readme

This repository contains the data and code used for the analysis of the research project

Inferring the proportion of undetected cholera infections from serological and clinical surveillance in an immunologically naive population

by Flavio Finger, Joseph Lemaitre, Stanley Juin, Brendan Jackson, Sebastian Funk, Justin Lessler, Eric Mintz, Patrick Dely, Jacques Boncy and Andrew S Azman

which has been published in Epidemiology and Infection 10.1017/S0950268824000888

This code and data repository is archived on Zenodo under doi 10.5281/zenodo.10063169.

Citations

If you use this work or want to reference it, please cite our article as:

Finger, Flavio, Joseph Lemaitre, Stanley Juin, Brendan Jackson, Sebastian Funk, Justin Lessler, Eric Mintz, Patrick Dely, Jacques Boncy, and Andrew S Azman. “Inferring the Proportion of Undetected Cholera Infections from Serological and Clinical Surveillance in an Immunologically Naive Population.” Epidemiology and Infection 152 (2024): e149. 10.1017/S0950268824000888.

Data

The incidence and serology datasets are located in the data folder:

The incidence_clean.csv file contains the clinical incidence data. Columns are:

• date : date of reporting
• cas_vus : reported cholera cases
• cas_vus_lt5 : reported cholera cases < 5 years old
• cas_vus_geq5 : reported cholera cases >= 5 years old

The serology_clean.csv file contains the serological data. Columns are:

• date : date serosamples taken
• age : age group (2-4, >=5 or NA if missing)
• vibriocidalMAX_titer : measured vibriocidal titer value (maximum of Ogawa and Inaba) or NA if missing
• n : number of people sampled on date in age group age with titer value vibriocidalMAX_titer

See Jackson et al. (2013) ¹ for a detailed description of the data and survey methodology.

Analysis code

The code is located in the src folder.

Vibriocidal decay model

The vibriocidal decay model is implemented in Python, using PyMC3. The code is in the src/py folder

Requirements & versions

We are running our analysis in PyMC v4.4.0 and ArviZ v0.16.1. To run the code on any machine, the easiest way is to create an Anaconda environment as:

conda create -c conda-forge -n haiti-sero_pymc4 pymc=4 seaborn scipy arviz openpyxl jax numpyro pyreadr numpy pandas arviz click ipykernel pyreadr python=3.11
conda activate haiti-sero_pymc4
# Create a jupyter kernel with this environment
python -m ipykernel install --user --name haiti-sero_pymc4_env --display-name "Python (haiti-sero_pymc4)"

To reproduce the code using the exact package versions we used for the manuscript, we provide two conda environment files:

• environment_exact.yml has the exact package versions used for this project to fit and analyze the results. It may only work on Mac OS.
• environment_crossplatform.yml has just the packages that are required for installation, and is equivalent to the command line above. It should install on any platforms.

See Anaconda's documentation on conda environments.

Running the code

File descriptions

• src/py/Fit-hist_AnalysisAndSetup.ipynb holds the development version of the PyMC model, and the analysis code that produces all the figures in the main text and in the supplementary information.
• src/py/calibration_fit-hist.py is the calibration script, with the same model as the above notebook. It requires one system argument: the identifier of the model specification: 0 for aged 2-4, 1 for age 5+, and 2 for the full model with everyone.
• src/py/batch_fit-hist.run is a slurm file to run the above calibration script on an HPC cluster, with all model specifications at the same time.
• src/py/utils.py has the code to load, clean and prepare the two datafiles along with some helper functions.
• src/py/priors from Jones et al/ contains the code that has been used to extract the priors from the data from Jones et al. (2022) ², these are used as the Multivariate peak titer priors.

The sensitivity analyses shown in the supplementary information are in the files:

• src/py/calibration_fit-hist_rate_sensitivity.py which is similar to src/py/calibration_fit-hist.py, except that it only models age 2-4 and the command line argument instead is a step of perturbation for the decay rate.
• src/py/batch_fit-hist-sensitivity.run runs the above script on an HPC cluster for different decay rates

The steps to reproduce our results involves:

1. Calibrating the model using python src/py/calibration_fit-hist.py with arguments 0,1 and 2 or doing all three at the same time with the batch runfile.
2. Run notebook src/py/Fit-hist_AnalysisAndSetup.ipynb which produces all figures and numerical output shown in the manuscript with their credible interval and the diagnostic checks of the model.

Attack rate estimates

The code for the additional attack rate estimates is written in R and Stan.

Requirements & versions

The analyses were performed using R version 4.3.1. For the Gaussian mixture model we used rstan version 2.32.3 with Stan version 2.26.1.

Packages required can be installed with install.packages(c("rmarkdown", "knitr", "here", "dplyr", "tidyr", "ggplot2", "magrittr", "rstan", "readr"))

Running the code

Compare different attack rate and infection rate estimates: rmarkdown::render("src/Rmd/attack_rate_estimates.rmd")

The output html file will be saved in the same folder.

Logistic regression

The code for the additional logistic regression is written in R.

Requirements & versions

The analyses were performed using R version 4.3.1.

Packages required can be installed with install.packages(c("rmarkdown", "knitr", "here", "dplyr", "tidyr", "magrittr", "readr", "gtsummary"))

Running the code

Note that this analysis requires individual level data, which isn’t included in this repository to protect privacy of the survey participants. Interested researchers are invited to contact the authors of Jackson et al. (2013) ¹.

rmarkdown::render("src/Rmd/logistic_regression.rmd")

The output html file will be saved in the same folder.

References

Footnotes

1. B. R. Jackson et al., “Seroepidemiologic Survey of Epidemic Cholera in Haiti to Assess Spectrum of Illness and Risk Factors for Severe Disease,” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 654–664, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0208. ↩ ↩²

2. F. K. Jones et al., “Identifying Recent Cholera Infections Using a Multiplex Bead Serological Assay,” mBio, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. e01900-22, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1128/mbio.01900-22. ↩