Exploring Readers and Writers

A tour through IO in Golang.

This repository contains material from a workshop held at Golab 2017.

The aim of this workshop was to see two important interfaces of the standard library in action: io.Reader and io.Writer. There are numerous implementations of these inferfaces.

Where are these interfaces used? In short: everywhere. You can read from a file, a network connection, an HTTP reponse body, compressed data, you can read endlessly from an artificial source or a stream of zeros or random noise. Image, JSON, XML and other decoders work with readers. You can write to files, network connections, hashing algorithms or standard output. You can read and write to memory buffers.

The use cases are broad and there is a chance, that a custom implementation of a reader or writer in your own project will simplify overall program design by adhering to these widely used interface.

Slides

The slides contain some introduction and context. Here are a few resources, that are mentioned in the slides:

• The talk, that inspired this workshop: Go Proverbs at Gopherfest 2015.
• A short statement from Ken Thompson on what a file is in Unix, from an 1982 AT&T documentary.
• The mantra everything is a file remains an amazing concept; it has been reformulated as everything is a stream of bytes.
• Pipes and Filters are an important architectural pattern.
• The whole Go Tour is amazing, among the many examples, there is also a rot13Reader.
• The Go documentation is really nice, the package io docs contain a number of examples as well.

Duration

The duration of the workshop at Golab 2017 was about three hours in which we looked at about 70% of the material.

Prerequisites

To keep the amount of preparation at a minimum, all you'll need is a working Go installation. The example programs will be mostly self-contained.

Here is all you need to do to get started. Clone this repository:

$ git clone https://github.com/miku/exploreio.git
$ cd exploreio

And run the following command:

$ go run check/main.go
Hello Gopher!

If this worked, that congratulations: you are all set.

From simple to complex: one quiz at a time

This workshop uses the format of a quiz to introduce various concepts. Each directory (s00, s01, ...) contains one exercise or example. There is always one executable main.go. There might be auxiliary files in the directory.

Inside main.go you find code and comments. Among the comment lines are two special kinds of comments, marked

• TODO and
• OUTPUT.

Here is an real exercise to illustrate the format:

// S06: Besides marshaling, JSON (and XML) can also be decoded.
//
// OUTPUT:
//
//     $ cat hello.json | go run main.go
//     It's around 2017-01-20 17:15:54.603712222 +0100 CET now and ...
//     we are at wonderful Golab 2017 in Firenze! @golab_conf
package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"os"
	"time"
)

type record struct {
	Name     string    `json:"name"`
	Location string    `json:"location"`
	Date     time.Time `json:"date"`
}

func main() {
	// TODO: Unmarshal from standard input into a record struct (4 lines).
	// ...
	// ...
	// ...
	// ...
	fmt.Printf("It's around %s now and we are at wonderful %s in %s! @golab_conf\n",
		rec.Date, rec.Name, rec.Location)
}

The first line gives a one-line summary of the theme of this exercise:

// S06: Besides marshaling, JSON (and XML) can also be decoded.

Below the line marked with OUTPUT you will find the expected output of the command, along with the way to call the file. Sometimes you need to pass parameters, or like here, you need to pipe something into the script:

// OUTPUT:
//
//     $ cat hello.json | go run main.go
//     It's around 2017-01-20 17:15:54.603712222 +0100 CET now and ...
//     we are at wonderful Golab 2017 in Firenze! @golab_conf

The other section is marked TODO:

	// TODO: Unmarshal from Stdin into a record struct (4 lines).
	// ...
	// ...
	// ...
	// ...

It contains a short instruction of what should be accomplished in that exercise. In parentheses you will find a hint, as for how many lines are needed (in mostly idiomatic Go) to implement the task. It is just a hint, there are often various ways to get to the same result.

If not noted otherwise, all tasks should be implemented with basic error handling, that is: if any method returns an error, you should check it. Since we write small scripts, we can safely quit the program, if some error condition occurs.

For example, if a file is not found we can safely quit the program altogether:

file, err := os.Open("filename.txt")
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal(err)
}

Once you filled in the code for solving the task, you should call the program as indicated in the OUTPUT section.

$ cat hello.json | go run main.go

If the result is the same you solved the exercise. If the output is off, try reviewing your code, move to another task or lookup the solution.

Solutions

Solutions and comments to all exercises can be found in Solutions.md. The explanations strive for conciseness. I hope the aim to be brief does not make the comments too cryptic.

To the instructor

If you are using part or all of this material for a course, maybe you like a setup like this:

• Have your laptop open as you show the exercises on a screen. Explain what is required and let people work on the TODOs.
• Have a separate screen (tablet or other device) open with the solutions manual (available as PDF), so you can jump in with a hint or solution.
• Most of the examples are self contained; it should be easy to skip exercises, if they are to easy or there's too little time.

List of exercises and examples (x)

Example marked with an (x) do not contain a TODO. The are here for illustration. There are comments in the code and some more context in the solutions.

• S00: A file is a reader.
• S01: Get bytes from a reader.
• S02: Copying and standard streams.
• S03: Stdin is a file, too.
• S04: Decompression with gzip and a simple filter chain.
• S05: An simple image converter.
• S06: Besides marshaling, JSON (and XML) can also be decoded.
• S07a: Package io contains many useful readers.
• S07b: Read sections from a reader.
• S08: Strings can be readers, io.ReadFull.
• S09: Random reader and Base64 encoder.
• S10: Prettify tabular data.
• S11: Read a file, line by line. (x)
• S12: Read from multiple readers in turn.
• S13: Write to more than one writer at once.
• S14: Read into variables.
• S15: Hello Buffer.
• S16: Reading the output of a shell command into a buffer.
• S17: An urgent request. (x)
• S18a: Response bodies.
• S18b: HTTP on the TCP level.
• S19: An atomic file implementation. (x)
• S20: The Reader interface.
• S21: A reader that converts all unicode letter mapped to their upper case.
• S22: A writer that discards everything that is written to it.
• S23: An uppercase writer.
• S24a: A counting reader.
• S24b: A simple language guesser. (x)
• S25: Generate data. (x)
• S26: A slow reader. (x)
• S27a: BlackBar censors given words in a stream. (x)
• S27b: A reader that times out.
• S28: Round robin multireader. (x)
• S29: Round robin multireader, that can handle broken readers. (x)
• S30: A small buffer.

Feedback

I prepared this workshop, because I was curious about these interfaces myself. This is a kind of ongoing project as I plan to add more implementations of readers and writers as I encounter them.

For any idea, correction or extension, please file an issue or send a pull request or patch. You can also contact me at [email protected].