DeGAUSS Schwartz Guide

This step-by-step guide covers how to add daily spatiotemporal PM25, NO2, and O3 estimates from models created by Joel Schwartz and used within CREW. We assume that the user starts with geocoded data, but DeGAUSS can also be used to geocode address data if needed.

Please note that each of these DeGAUSS commands will use the most recent version of each container, but older versions can be specified for each. For detailed documentation on DeGAUSS, including general usage and installation, please see https://degauss.org.

If you have used DeGAUSS, would you mind providing us some feedback and completing a short survey?

1. Assemble Data

• create a CSV file with at least the columns:

  • lat: latitude to estimate pollutants at
  • lon: longitude to estimate pollutants at
  • start_date: starting date for daily sequence used for estimates
  • end_date: ending date for daily sequence used for estimates
  • (optional) index_date: include days_from_index_date in output to create "relative dates"

• for example, my_address_file_geocoded.csv:

id	lat	lon	start_date	end_date	index_date
A	39.1967	-84.5826	2000-10-20	2000-10-23	2000-02-14
B	33.9729	-118.2328	2008-11-14	2008-11-16	2008-04-11
C	35.8718	-78.6385	2004-01-30	2004-02-02	2003-05-02

2. Use geolocation to find grid identifier

• example DeGAUSS call:

docker run --rm -v $PWD:/tmp degauss/schwartz_grid_lookup my_address_file_geocoded.csv

• results in my_address_file_geocoded_schwartz_site_index.csv:

id	lat	lon	start_date	end_date	index_date	site_index	sitecode
A	39.1967	-84.5826	2000-10-20	2000-10-23	2000-02-14	9607238	211050640897
B	33.9729	-118.2328	2008-11-14	2008-11-16	2008-04-11	324003	208050280324
C	35.8718	-78.6385	2004-01-30	2004-02-02	2003-05-02	9784599	211050904096

3. Use grid identifers and dates to get exposure estimates

• example DeGAUSS call:

docker run --rm -v $PWD:/tmp degauss/schwartz my_address_file_geocoded_schwartz_site_index.csv

• results in my_address_file_geocoded_schwartz_site_index_schwartz.csv

id	lat	lon	start_date	end_date	index_date	site_index	sitecode	date	gh6	gh3	year	gh3_combined	PM25	NO2	O3	days_from_index_date
A	39.1967	-84.5826	2000-10-20	2000-10-23	2000-02-14	9607238	211050640897	2000-10-20	dngz52	dng	2000	dng	22.6	64.1	48.5	249
A	39.1967	-84.5826	2000-10-20	2000-10-23	2000-02-14	9607238	211050640897	2000-10-21	dngz52	dng	2000	dng	37.2	48.4	49.5	250
A	39.1967	-84.5826	2000-10-20	2000-10-23	2000-02-14	9607238	211050640897	2000-10-22	dngz52	dng	2000	dng	28.4	52.9	60.2	251
A	39.1967	-84.5826	2000-10-20	2000-10-23	2000-02-14	9607238	211050640897	2000-10-23	dngz52	dng	2000	dng	42.3	56.6	43.1	252
C	35.8718	-78.6385	2004-01-30	2004-02-02	2003-05-02	9784599	211050904096	2004-01-30	dq2h4d	dq2	2004	dq2	7.1	27.6	27.8	273
C	35.8718	-78.6385	2004-01-30	2004-02-02	2003-05-02	9784599	211050904096	2004-01-31	dq2h4d	dq2	2004	dq2	6.8	32.8	30.7	274
C	35.8718	-78.6385	2004-01-30	2004-02-02	2003-05-02	9784599	211050904096	2004-02-01	dq2h4d	dq2	2004	dq2	13.7	32.1	31.3	275
C	35.8718	-78.6385	2004-01-30	2004-02-02	2003-05-02	9784599	211050904096	2004-02-02	dq2h4d	dq2	2004	dq2	11.8	37	33.5	276
B	33.9729	-118.2328	2008-11-14	2008-11-16	2008-04-11	324003	208050280324	2008-11-14	9q5cm2	9q5	2008	9q5	24.2	81.7	28	217
B	33.9729	-118.2328	2008-11-14	2008-11-16	2008-04-11	324003	208050280324	2008-11-15	9q5cm2	9q5	2008	9q5	36.9	66.8	33	218
B	33.9729	-118.2328	2008-11-14	2008-11-16	2008-04-11	324003	208050280324	2008-11-16	9q5cm2	9q5	2008	9q5	85.4	59.5	36.2	219

4. Remove potential identifiers

• this resulting data set satifies HIPAA "Safe Harbor" guidelines and is not considered PHI

id	PM25	NO2	O3	days_from_index_date
A	22.6	64.1	48.5	249
A	37.2	48.4	49.5	250
A	28.4	52.9	60.2	251
A	42.3	56.6	43.1	252
C	7.1	27.6	27.8	273
C	6.8	32.8	30.7	274
C	13.7	32.1	31.3	275
C	11.8	37	33.5	276
B	24.2	81.7	28	217
B	36.9	66.8	33	218
B	85.4	59.5	36.2	219

Troubleshooting and Details

Optional index_date

• Optionally include a column called index_date to be used to anonymize dates; for example, a date of birth
• This adds an additional column called days_from_index_date (defined asdate - index_date) to the output

Dates and Sitecode formatting

• If start_date and end_date (and index_date) are not in ISO format (YYYY-MM-DD) or standard 'slash' format (MM/DD/YY), the container will return an error.
• If over half of the sitecodes end in all zeros, the container will return a warning, suggesting the user checks that sitecodes have not been unintentionally altered.
• See Excel formatting for DeGAUSS for more information.

Methodological Details

Linking to the nearest "grid"

• s2 geohashes are used to link to nearby grids
• the query point is geohashed and used to find nearby grid centroids
• the Great Circle distance is used to determine the closest grid point to the query point
• returns a sitecode, which uniquely identifies a grid cell

Downloading and Extracting Exposure Estimates

• start and end dates are expanded into a daily time series for each row in input data
• year and coarsened geohash used to download a spatiotemporal "slice" of exposure estimates
• "slice" data files are cached locally
• exposure estimates merged in based on date and grid sitecode identifier

Privacy Considerations

degauss/schwartz_exposure_assessment does not come with all of the spatiotemporal exposure estimates (which are around 200 GB in a compressed zip file). Instead, the container determines which geographic regions and calendar years are necessary based on the input dataset. However, since the container requesting chunks of the exposure estimate data is downloading them over the internet, we need to make sure to not include any protected health information. The HIPAA Safe Harbor Guidelines and the Revised Common Rule specify that spatial location information is not considered PHI if the geographic identifier contains at least 20,000 people. For example, this is why "de-identified" datasets will only contain 3-digit zipcodes instead of 5-digit zipcodes. Similarly, we can conveniently use the geohash we are already using for lookup to "coarsen" our geographic precision by truncating it from a resolution of 6 to a resolution of 3. The container transmits the calendar year and resolution 3 h2 geohash to an Amazon Web Services Simple Storage Service (AWS S3) to retrieve estimates as needed. This prevents the download of unnecessary spatial and/or temporal "slices" of data that will never be necessary for every individual user, decreasing the time and resources needed by the end user to run the software while never sharing any protected health information.

population of each resolution 3 h2 geohash polygon

• The population for each geohash was estimated area-weighted averages of census tract-level 2018 5-yr ACS population estimates.
• Of the 502 geohash polygons, 98 (19.5%) had an estimated population below 20,000. Population among those geohashes ranges from 0 to 19,545 with a median population of 7,515 (IQR: 2,042 - 12,956).

• To combine geohashes such that none have a population of less than 20,000, the geohash with the lowest population was repeatedly merged with the neighboring geohash that had the lowest population. This process was repeated until all geohashes had a population greater than 20,000, reducing the total number of geohash polygons from 502 to 424.
• Population among the newer merged geohashes ranges from 20,006 to 11,607,468 with a median population of 263,485 (IQR: 62,439 - 810,279).