BUG: Fix #54763 to_julian_date does not consider timezone

[tev-dixon]

• closes BUG: Timestamp.to_julian_date() does not take into account timezone #54763
• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

[tev-dixon]

The merge conflict in pandas/_libs/tslibs/timestamps.pyx is because I changed how the additions/subtractions were styled to improve readability. I had to insert a minus for the timezone_offset and it did not make sense to have it on the previous line. This format is also more consistent with the other files I was working in.