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NOTE: An up-to-date copy of this howto is available at: https://www.researchut.com/tools/apt-offline
This article is about Offline Package Management in Debian. Debian is a pretty well known project. One of the things that makes Debian very popular is APT (a.k.a Advanced Packaging Tool) which allows remote package downloads, upgrades and dependency resolution. Unfortunately it does require a network connection - unless you use apt-offline.
In Debian, when you need to install a package, you usually would fire up the apt-get command and the software would just install without any hand holding.
While APT is really very cool one of the main reasons for its success is the Debian Policy. The Debian Policy is like the brain of the project that controls the entire project ensuring that all the bits and pieces fit well together upto the Debian Standards. APT is just a result of the fantastic Debian Policy work.
In Debian, every package is very well self-contained and is tightly related to each other using APT. APT does a very good job of integrating and resolving dependencies for Package Management and takes off all the Dependency Hell problems from the user.
This is where the problem starts - for a machine which has network access it works very well because APT generates the list of packages and their dependencies and is able to download and install them successfully.
But when it comes to downloading a package individually on a different machine, along with resolving any dependencies this can be a big problem.
Consider this real world example: I have a Debian box at home. At home, I have no (or very slow/expensive dial-up) internet connection. At work, I (or my friend) do have a very fast connection but (as part of IT policy) am required to use Windows.
I would still like to be able to painlessly update/upgrade my Debian box at home, with all the power and flexibility of APT.
This is where apt-offline is useful. apt-offline is an offline APT Package Manager.
Using apt-offline:
You generate a signature on your Debian box at home and carry the signature file on a removable medium (Probably a USB Stick).(e.g. "apt-offline set /tmp/apt-offline.txt")
Now you take the USB Stick (with the apt-offline.txt signature file) to the office machine which could be running any linux version, or as I mentioned above, even Windows.
There, you could run apt-offline giving it the signature file. (e.g. "apt-offline get C:\apt-offline.txt")
apt-offline would generate you an archive file or a folder with all the data. That data can be copied on a removable media. The removable media can be attached back to the disconnected Debian box at home and installed. (e.g. "apt-offline install /tmp/apt-offline.zip")
Let's start with a 3 step example
Step 1
Generate a signature file on the Disconnected Debian box at home
apt-offline set /tmp/apt-offline.sig
The above command will generate all information required from apt about updating its database.
Previously, by default, with no additional arguments passed, apt-offline will extract information about APT Package Database Update i.e. the --update option as well as the list of Packages to be upgraded i.e. the --upgrade option. This default is now changed and the user must provide the options explicitly. Additional context for this change is available here:
These options can also be individually passed if you want only one of those.
Step 2
Download data based on the signature file generated earlier
apt-offline get C:\apt-offline.sig --threads 5
The above command will download data as mentioned in the signature file. To speed up downloads (that can be from multiple apt repositories), in this example we spawn 5 download threads.
Note: It would be good to also download the bug reports for the packages that you are downloading. So that example now becomes:
apt-offline get C:\apt-offline.sig --bug-reports --threads 5
There are many more options that you can pass to apt-offline, like the --bundle option which would generate for you, an archive file with all the data.
Once completed, you could just copy the data (an archive file, if you used the --bundle option) back to the removable medium and copy it back onto your offline host.
Step 3
Once you're back upon the home Debian machine, you feed the data from the removable medium to apt-offline:
apt-offline install /media/USB/apt-offline.zip
This will update the APT database on your disconnected machine seamlessly.
Step 4
Now that the apt indices have been updated, you need to extract the information about packages that can be upgraded
apt-offline set /tmp/apt-offline-upgrade.sig
This will signature file with details about all the packages that can be upgraded.
Step 5
Repeat same as Step 2
apt-offline get /tmp/apt-offline-upgrade.zip --bundle /tmp/upgrade.zip
This step will fetch all the packages that can be upgraded.
Step 6
Repeat same as Step 3
apt-offline install /tmp/upgrade.zip
This step will sync the packages that can be upgraded.
If there were packages that needed to be upgraded, now they would all be available (with dependencies) in the APT database. So if you do an apt-get upgrade now, APT won't prompt you mentioning even a single bye download. APT would find that all required packages are already present in the APT cache.
If you had used the --bug-reports switch that I mentioned earlier, during install apt-offline would prompt you with the list of bug reports related to the packages on your machine that need be upgraded/installed - not just the list but the full bug report will be available for you to look at and evaluate the severity involved.
As you can see from the article above, apt-offline helps you achieve the power of APT, in just 3 steps. apt-offline is part of Debian and should be available on all its '''derivative distributions''' too.
apt-offline video demonstration @ Mini Debconf India 2021