planner: Fix predicate simplification panic caused by zero-argument expressions like rand() (#56947)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #56947

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #56270

Problem Summary:

What changed and how does it work?

When checking predicate type in predicate simplification, it will use arg[0] to judge if the arg is *expression.Column, however, "rand()" has 0 argument, which will lead a panic.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

[ti-chi-bot]

This cherry pick PR is for a release branch and has not yet been approved by triage owners.
Adding the do-not-merge/cherry-pick-not-approved label.

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[ti-chi-bot]

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 0% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Please upload report for BASE (release-8.5@51e8310). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##             release-8.5     #57618   +/-   ##
================================================
  Coverage               ?   55.1988%           
================================================
  Files                  ?       1768           
  Lines                  ?     626171           
  Branches               ?          0           
================================================
  Hits                   ?     345639           
  Misses                 ?     255246           
  Partials               ?      25286           

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	22.7730% <0.0000%> (?)
unit	72.4829% <0.0000%> (?)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
dumpling	52.9478% <0.0000%> (?)
parser	∅ <0.0000%> (?)
br	52.2841% <0.0000%> (?)

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[ti-chi-bot]

@ti-chi-bot: The following tests failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev	7635358	link	true	/test check-dev
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev_2	7635358	link	true	/test check-dev2

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